Influenza pandemic warning signals: Philadelphia in 1918 and 1977-1978

Bibliography

• Anonymous. 1918. “Austrians Still Strong”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 3.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Editorial Comment”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 6.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “All Highest, Kaiser Himself, Has Grippe”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 11.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza Is Due to Hunger”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 14.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Fear New Epidemic May Reach Here”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 22.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “It’s a Trying Malady”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 11.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Editorial Comment”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Influenza Grips Boston”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 11.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Dr. Leen, Carney Hospital, Dies Fighting Influenza”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 17.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Influenza Halts Call for 142,000 Men for Service”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 17.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Protect Camp Dix Men against Influenza”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 17.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “1500 Cases Influenza Develops at Camp Dix”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 19.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Krusen Not Alarmed”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 19.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza Sends 600 Sailors to Hospitals Here”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 19.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “U-Boats Freed Germs, Says U.S. Officer”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 19.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Philadelphia Navy Yard Has 853 Cases—authorities Fighting Epidemic”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 20.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza Is German Germ; Only La Grippe”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 21.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza Epidemic Waning”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 23.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Camp Dix Quarantined; 11 Influenza Deaths”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 24.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Camp Dix Appeals for Doctors and Nurses”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 26.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Influenza Outbreak at Bristol Shipyard”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 26.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza Invades Shipyards”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 27.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Telephone Service Faces a Crisis”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 4.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Theaters, Saloons in Pennsylvania Closed to Halt Influenza”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 4.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “More Nurses Needed to Fight Influenza”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 5.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Spanish Influenza and the Fear of It”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 5.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Fewer Influenza Cases Reported”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 11.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Say Convalescents Break Health Rules”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Siege of Influenza at Breaking Point”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 16.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “May Place Scranton under Martial Law”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 20.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Denounce Stopping of Liquor Selling by Pennsylvania Dealers”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 23.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1918. “Return of Sanity to Philadelphia”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 29.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1919. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1977. “A State Laboratory in Chester County Is Prepared to Aid Physicians in Diagnosing Suspected Influenza Cases”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 27.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1977. “First Wave of Flu Outbreaks Hits; N.J. On List”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 31.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Soviet and American Scientists Begin Joint Meetings in Moscow to Control Influenza Epidemics”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, January 17.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Death Toll from Influenza Exceeds 1,000 in a Month”. The New York Times, February 4.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Answers to Flu Questions”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 9.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Another College Gets the Flu”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 12.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “New Jersey Reports Its First Confirmed Case of Russian Flu”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 13.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Five New Cases of Russian Flu Confirmed in New Jersey”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 15.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “Two More Cases of Russian Flu are Confirmed in New Jersey”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 18.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1978. “The Carter Administration Poses a Program of Flu Shots for the Elderly”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 24.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1977. “Hong Kong, Soviets Report New Flu Virus”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 17.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1977. “Now It’s Soviet Flu, and Guess What’s in the Works”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 23.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1977. “Brezhnev: Stop Neutron Bomb”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 24.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1978. “All Counties Reporting Flu Cases”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, January 4.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1978. “From Russia, with Coughing and Chills”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, January 27.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 1978. “Russian Flu Found Widespread”. The New York Times, March 10.
   Google Scholar
• Barron, J. 1978. “Early Victim of Russian Flu Recalls, ‘I Really Got Zapped’”. The Sunday Star-Tribune (Wyoming), February 12.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, J. M. The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York City: Penguin Random House, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, I. F. W. The Great War: 1914-1918. New York: Routledge, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Influenza Surveillance Summary: August 1977—March 1979. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “The Influenza Season”.Accessed April 5, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season.htm
   Google Scholar
• Colen, B. D. 1977. “U.S. Fears Chinese-Soviet Invasion- a New Flu Bug”. The Washington Post, December 23.
   Google Scholar
• Colen, B. D. 1978. “Texas-type Flu Sweeps across Area”. The Washington Post, January 7.
   Google Scholar
• Colen, B. D. 1978. “U.S. Influenza Epidemic Not the Worst- but Close”. The Washington Post, February 11.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, N. J., and K. Subbarao. “Global Epidemiology of Influenza: Past and Present.” Annual Reviews in Medicine 51 (2000): 407–421. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, a. W. America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Dausey, D. J., J. E. Aledort, and N. Lurie. Tabletop Exercises for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness in Local Public Health Agencies. Arlington: the RAND Corporation, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• DeBruyne, N. F. American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Draper, a. a. 1918. “Crown Prince’s Position Has Grown More Precarious”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 27.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Business Conditions in the Philadelphia Federal Reserve District (December 2, 1918). Philadelphia: Government Printing Office, 1918.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Business Conditions in the Philadelphia Federal Reserve District. 1919. Philadelphia: Government Printing Office, 2 January 1919.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe, a. 1978. “If You Get Swine Flu, You May Be in Luck”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 10.
   Google Scholar
• Inquirer Wire Services. 1977. “New a-Texas Flu Strain May Resist Current Vaccines, Health Chief Says”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 22.
   Google Scholar
• Jester, B., T. M. Uyeki, D. B. Jernigan, and T. M. Tumpey. “Historical and Clinical Aspects of the 1918 H1N1 Pandemic in the United States.” Virology 527 (2019): 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, N. P., and J. Mueller. “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76, no. 1 (2002): 105–115. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessler, J., D. a. Cummings, S. Fishman, a. Vora, and D. S. Burke. “Transmissibility of Swine Flu at Fort Dix, 1976.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 4, no. 15 (2007): 755–762. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.0228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, L. 1977. “Flu Reduces Classes in 2 States”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 21.
   Google Scholar
• Markel, H., H. B. Lipman, J. a. Navarro, a. Sloan, J. R. Michalsen, a. M. Stern, and M. S. Cetron. “Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic.” JAMA 298, no. 6 (2007): 644–654. doi:10.1001/jama.298.6.644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, D. E., D. W. Cleary, and S. C. Clarke. “Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics.” Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2017): 1041. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, G., ed. Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects (No. 4): Report on the Pandemic of Influenza, 1918-19. London: Ministry of Health, 1920.
   Google Scholar
• Newspapers.com. Accessed November 30, 2019. https://www.newspapers.com
   Google Scholar
• Olson, D. R., L. Simonsen, P. J. Edelson, and S. S. Morse. “Epidemiological Evidence of an Early Wave of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New York City.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 31 (2005): 11059–11063. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408290102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarantelli, H. L., ed. What Is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question. New York: Routledge, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Rozo, M., and G. K. Gronvall. “The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-function Debate.” MBio 6, no. 4 (2015): e01013–15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01013-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeck, H. M. 1977. “Scientists Expect Mild Winter Flu Season for U.S.” The New York Times, October 6.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeck, H. M. 1977. “U.S. Experts Meet on Flu Virus Widespread in Soviet Union”. The New York Times, December 23.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeck, H. M. 1978. “Major Flu Epidemics in U.S. Linked to Old Viruses, Not Russian Flu.” The New York Times, February 11.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeck, H. M. 1978. “Soviet Flu Prompts Call for Plan in U.S.” The New York Times, January 13.
   Google Scholar
• Sencer, D. J., and J. D. Millar. “Reflections on the 1976 Swine Flu Vaccination Program.” Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (2006): 29–33. doi:10.3201/eid1201.051007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shurkin, J. N. 1978. “Flu Sweeps Pennsylvania, N.J. Colleges”. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 11.
   Google Scholar
• The Treasury Department. The Liberty Loan Legislation. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921.
   Google Scholar
• Whitney, C. R. 1977. “Hundreds of Thousands are down with Flu in Soviet Union”. The New York Times, December 30.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. M. “Signal Recognition during the Emergence of Pandemic Influenza Type A/H1N1: A Commercial Disease Intelligence Unit’s Perspective.” Intelligence and National Security (2016). doi:10.1080/02684527.2016.1253924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. M., W. Brediger, T. P. Albright, and J. Smith-Gagen. “Reanalysis of the Anthrax Epidemic in Rhodesia, 1978-1984.” PeerJ 4 (2016): e2686. doi:10.7717/peerj.2686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. M., and M. Daniel. “Historical Reconstruction of the Community Response, and Related Epidemiology, of a Suspected Biological Weapon Attack in Ningbo, China (1940).” Intelligence and National Security(2019). doi:10.1080/02684527.2018.1536351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. M., M. Iannarone, and C. Wang. “Media Reporting of the Emergence of the 1968 Influenza Pandemic in Hong Kong: Implications for Modern-day Situational Awareness.” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, no. 2 (2009): S148–53. doi:10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181abd603.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. “Influenza.” Weekly Epidemiological Record 53, no. 3 (1978): 22.
   Google Scholar
• Yarnall, C. Emergency Service of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense in the Influenza Crisis. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Council of National Defense, 1918.
   Google Scholar
• Zakstelskaja, L. J., M. a. Yakhno, V. a. Isacenko, E. V. Molibog, S. a. Hlustov, I. V. Antonova, N. V. Klitsunova, et al. “Influenza in the USSR in 1977: Recurrence of Influenza Virus a Subtype H1N1.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 56, no. 6 (1978): 919–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar