Direct and indirect treatment approaches for addressing short-term or working memory deficits in aphasia

REFERENCES

• Aben , L. , Busschbach , J. , Ponds , R. and Ribbers , G. 2008 . Memory self-efficacy and psychosocial factors in stroke . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 40 : 681 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adcock , R. , Dale , C. , Fisher , M. , Aldebot , S. , Genevsky , A. Simpson , G. 2009 . When top-down meets bottom-up: Auditory training enhances verbal memory in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 35 ( 6 ) : 1132 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , M. P. 2006 . Impairments of procedures for implementing complex language are due to disruption of frontal attention processes . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 236 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 2003 . Working memory and language: An overview . Journal of Communication Disorders , 36 : 189 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , J. , Rorden , C. and Fridriksson , J. 2010 . Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia . Stroke , 41 : 1229 – 1236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo , J. , Dronkers , N. , Wilkins , D. , Ludy , C. , Raskin , P. and Kim , J. 2005 . Is problem solving dependent on language? . Brain and Language , 92 ( 3 ) : 240 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha , L. and Benke , T. 2003 . Acute conduction aphasia: An analysis of 20 cases . Brain and Language , 85 : 93 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , A. , Zanto , T. , Clapp , W. , Hardy , J. , Delahunt , P. Mahncke , H. 2010 . The influence of perceptual training on working memory in older adults . PLoS ONE , 5 ( 7 ) : e11537 doc10.1371/journal.pone.0011537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggio , P. , Ferrucci , R. , Rigonatti , S. , Covre , P. , Nitsche , M. Pascual-Leone , A. 2006 . Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurological Science , 249 : 31 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn , B. and Polich , J. 2006 . Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 180 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspari , I. , Parkinson , S. R. , LaPointe , L. L. and Katz , R. C. 1998 . Working memory and aphasia . Brain and Cognition , 37 : 205 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 2006 . Planning, problem-solving and organizational abilities in children following traumatic brain injury: Intervention techniques . Pediatric Rehabilitation , 9 ( 2 ) : 89 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chein , J. and Morrison , A. 2010 . Expanding the mind's workspace: Training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 193 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciancarelli , I. , Cofini , V. and Carolei , A. 2010 . Evaluation of neuropsychological functions in patients with Friedreich ataxia before and after cognitive therapy . Functional Neurology , 25 ( 2 ) : 81 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Cicerone , K. D. 2002 . Remediation of “working attention” in mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 16 : 185 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho , C. 2005 . Direct attention training as a treatment for reading impairment in mild aphasia . Aphasiology , 19 : 275 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colcombe , S. and Kramer , A. 2003 . Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study . Psychological Science , 14 ( 2 ) : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen , K. , Laine , M. , Tarkiainen , A. , Jarvensivu , T. , Martin , N. and Salmelin , R. 2003 . Adult brain plasticity elicited by anomia treatment . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 ( 3 ) : 444 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , N. 2008 . What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? . Progress in Brain Research , 169 : 323 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson , B. , Fabrizio , K. , Singletary , F. , Cato , M. , Wierenga , C. Parkinson , R. 2007 . Treatment of naming in nonfluent aphasia through manipulation of intention and attention: A phase 1 comparison of two novel treatments . Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society , 13 : 582 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson , B. , Rao , S. M. , Woodley , S. J. , Rosen , A. C. , Bobholz , J. A. Mayer , A. 1999 . Mapping of semantic, phonological, and orthographic verbal working memory in normal adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging . Neuropsychology , 13 : 171 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlin , E. , Backman , L. , Stigsdotter Neely , A. and Nyberg , L. 2009 . Training of the executive component of working memory: Subcortical areas mediate transfer effects . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , 27 : 405 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deplanque , D. and Bordet , R. 2009 . Physical activity: One of the easiest ways to protect the brain? . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry , 80 : 942
   Google Scholar
• Duval , J. , Coyette , F. and Seron , X. 2008 . Rehabilitation of the central executive component of working memory: A re-organisation approach applied to a single case . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 18 ( 4 ) : 430 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre , C. , Chamari , K. , Mucci , P. , Masse-Biron , J. and Prefaut , C. 2002 . Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 23 : 415 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillingham , J. , Sage , K. and Lambon Ralph , M. 2005 . Treatment of anomia using errorless versus errorful learning: Are frontal executive skills and feedback important? . International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders , 40 ( 4 ) : 505 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , D. R. , Clark , N. and Humphreys , G. W. 2003 . The treatment of an auditory working memory deficit and the implications for sentence comprehension abilities in mild receptive aphasia . Aphasiology , 17 : 723 – 750 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel , T. , Penn , C. and Ormond-Brown , D. 2007 . Executive dysfunction as an explanatory basis for conversation symptoms of aphasia: A pilot study . Aphasiology , 21 ( 6–8 ) : 814 – 828 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridriksson , J. 2010 . Preservation and modulation of specific left hemisphere regions is vital for treated recovery from anomia in stroke . The Journal of Neuroscience , 30 ( 35 ) : 11558 – 11564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann , N. and Gvion , A. 2003 . Sentence comprehension and working memory limitation in aphasia: A dissociation between semantic-syntactic and phonological reactivation . Brain and Language , 86 : 23 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , W. P. 1983 . Memory disorders in aphasia: I. Auditory immediate recall . Neuropsychologia , 21 : 325 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. , Gathercole , S. , Place , M. , Dunning , D. , Hilton , K. and Elliot , J. 2009 . Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 24 : 827 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz-Kraus , T. and Breznitz , Z. 2009 . Can the error detection mechanism benefit from training the working memory? A comparison between dyslexics and controls: An ERP study . PLoS ONE , 4 ( 9 ) : e7141 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. , Caplin , D. and Waters , G. 2011 . Short term working memory and sentence comprehension: A review of recent work . Aphasiology. ,
   Google Scholar
• Jaeggi , S. , Buschkuehl , M. , Jonides , J. and Perrig , W. 2008 . Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory . Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 105 : 6829 – 6833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean , L. , Bergeron , M. , Thivierge , S. and Simard , M. 2010 . Cognitive intervention programmes for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 18 ( 4 ) : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jee , E. S. , McNeil , M. R. , Pratt , S. , Dickey , M. W. , Hula , W. Szuminsky , N. 2009 . Verbal working memory and its relationship to sentence-level reading and listening comprehension in persons with aphasia . Aphasiology , 23 ( 7–8 ) : 1040 – 1052 .
   Google Scholar
• Jha , A. , Stanley , E. , Kihonaga , A. , Wong , L. and Gelfand , L. 2010 . Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience . Emotion , 10 ( 1 ) : 54 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo , J. , Kim , Y. , Ko , M. , Ohn , S. , Joen , B. and Lee , K. 2009 . Enhancing the working memory of stroke patients using tDCS . American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 88 ( 5 ) : 404 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolles , D. , Grol , M. , Van Buchem , M. , Rombouts , S. and Crone , E. 2010 . Practice effects in the brain: Changes in cerebral activation after working memory practice depend on task demands . NeuroImage , 52 : 858 – 868 .
   Google Scholar
• Jonides , J. , Smith , E. E. , Marshuetz , C. , Koeppe , R. A. and Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. 1998 . Inhibition in verbal working memory revealed by brain activation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 95 ( 14 ) : 8410 – 8413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinyak-Fliszar , M. , Kohen , F. and Martin , N. in press . Remediation of language processing in aphasia: Improving activation and maintenance of linguistic representations in (verbal) short-term memory . Aphasiology ,
   Google Scholar
• Kesner , R. P. 2009 . Tapestry of memory . Behavioral Neuroscience , 123 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschen , M. , Davis-Ratner , M. , Jerd , T. , Schraedley-Desmond , P. and Desmond , J. 2006 . Enhancement of phonological memory following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) . Behavioral Neurology , 17 : 187 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg , T. 2010 . Training and plasticity of working memory . Trends in Cognitive Science , 14 ( 7 ) : 317 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klusmann , V. , Evers , A. , Schwarzer , R. , Schlattmann , P. , Reischies , F. Heuser , I. 2010 . Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: A 6-month randomized controlled trial . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. , doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq053
   Google Scholar
• Koenig-Bruhin , M. and Studer-Eichenberger , F. 2007 . Therapy of short-term memory disorders in fluent aphasia: A single case study . Aphasiology , 21 ( 5 ) : 448 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolk , H. H. J. 2006 . “ How language adapts to the brain: An analysis of agrammatic aphasia ” . In The syntax of nonsententials: Multi-disciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Progovac , L. , Paesani , K. , Casielles , E. and Barton , E. London : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Levaux , M. , Vezzaro , J. , Laroi , F. , Offerlin-Meyer , I. , Danion , J. and Van der Linden , M. 2009 . Cognitive rehabilitation of the updating sub-component of working memory in schizophrenia: A case study . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 19 ( 2 ) : 244 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linebarger , M. C. , McCall , D. and Berndt , R. S. 2004 . The role of processing support in the remediation of aphasic language production disorders . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 21 : 267 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linebarger , M. , McCall , D. , Virata , T. and Berndt , R. S. 2007 . Widening the temporal window: Processing support in the treatment of aphasic language production . Brain and Language , 100 : 53 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linebarger , M. C. , Schwartz , M. F. and Kohn , S. E. 2001 . Computer-based training of language production: An exploratory study . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 11 ( 1 ) : 57 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linebarger , M. C. , Schwartz , M. F. , Romania , J. F. , Kohn , S. E. and Stephens , D. L. 2000 . Grammatical encoding in aphasia: Evidence from a “processing prosthesis . Brain and Language , 75 : 416 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , B. and Murray , L. L. 2008 . Benefits of physical fitness training in healthy aging and neurogenic patient populations . Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders , 18 ( 3 ) : 99 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Loukavenko , E. , Ottley , M. , Moran , J. , Wolff , M. and Dalrymple-Alford , J. 2007 . Towards therapy to relieve memory impairment after anterior thalamic lesions: Improved spatial working memory after immediate and delayed postoperative enrichment . European Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 3267 – 3276 .
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , A. , Grundstrom , K. , Samuelsson , K. and Ronnberg , J. 2010 . Computerised training of working memory in a group of patients suffering from acquired brain injury . Brain Injury , 24 ( 10 ) : 1173 – 1183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahncke , H. , Connor , B. , Appelman , J. , Ahsanuddin , O. , Hardy , J. Wood , R. 2006 . Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training programme: A randomized, controlled study . Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences , 103 ( 33 ) : 12523 – 12528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majerus , S. 2009 . “ Verbal short-term memory and temporary activation of language representations: The importance of distinguishing item and order information ” . In Interactions between short-term and long-term memory in the verbal domain , Edited by: Thorn , A. S. and Page , M. 244 – 276 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malouin , F. , Belleville , S. , Richards , C. , Desrosiers , J. and Doyon , J. 2004 . Working memory and mental practice outcomes after stroke . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 85 : 177 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , N. , Kohen , F. , Kalinyak-Fliszar , M. , Soveri , A. and Laine , M. 2011 . Effects of working memory load on processing of sounds and meanings of words in aphasia . Aphasiology. ,
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. C. and Allen , C. 2008 . A disorder of executive function and its role in language processing . Seminars in Speech and Language , 29 : 201 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayer , J. F. and Murray , L. L. 2002 . Approaches to the treatment of alexia in chronic aphasia . Aphasiology , 16 : 727 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , T. , Flashman , L. , Sparling , M. and Saykin , A. 2004 . Working memory deficits after traumatic brain injury: Catecholaminergic mechanisms and prospects for treatment – a review . Brain Injury , 18 ( 4 ) : 331 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald-Miszczak , L. , Gould , O. and Tychynski , D. 1992 . Metamemory predictors of prospective and retrospective memory performance . Journal of General Psychology , 47 : 293 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• McDowell , S. , Whyte , J. and D'Esposito , M. 1998 . Differential effect of a dopaminergic agonist on prefrontal function in traumatic brain injury . Brain , 212 : 1155 – 1164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGurk , S. R. , Twamley , E. W. , Sitzer , D. I. , McHugo , G. J. and Mueser , K. T. 2007 . A metanalysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 1791 – 1802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer , M. , Flaisch , T. , Breitenstein , C. , Wienbruch , C. , Elbert , T. and Rockstroh , B. 2008 . Functional re-recruitment of dysfunctional brain areas predicts language recovery in chronic aphasia . Neuroimage , 39 ( 4 ) : 2038 – 2046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniussi , C. , Cappa , S. , Cohen , L. , Floel , A. , Fregni , F. Nitsche , M. 2008 . Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/transcranial direct current stimulation in cognitive neurorehabilitation . Brain Stimulation , 1 : 326 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. , Howerter , A. and Wager , T. D. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 ( 1 ) : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. L. 2000 . The effects of varying attentional demands on the word-retrieval skills of adults with aphasia, right hemisphere brain-damage or no brain-damage . Brain and Language , 72 : 40 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. L. 2004 . Cognitive treatments for aphasia: Should we and can we help attention and working memory problems? . Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology , 12 : xxi – xxxviii .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , L. L. , Ballard , K. and Karcher , L. 2004 . Linguistic Specific Treatment: Just for Broca's aphasia? . Aphasiology , 18 : 785 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. L. , Holland , A. L. and Beeson , P. M. 1997b . Grammaticality judgements of mildly aphasic individuals under dual-task conditions . Aphasiology , 11 : 993 – 1016 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. , Keeton , R. and Karcher , L. 2006 . Treating attention in mild aphasia: Evaluation of attention process training-II . Journal of Communication Disorders , 39 : 37 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , U. , Von Cramon , D. Y. and Polman , S. 1998 . D1- versus D2-receptor modulation of visuospatial working memory in humans . Journal of Neuroscience , 18 : 2720 – 2728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , W. , Constable , R. T. , Mencl , W. E. , Pugh , K. R. , Fulbright , R. K. Shaywitz , S. E. 2000 . An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 120 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas , M. , Sinotte , M. and Helm-Estabrook , N. 2005 . Using a computer to communicate: Effect of executive function impairments in people with severe aphasia . Aphasiology , 19 ( 10–11 ) : 1052 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohn , S. , Park , C. , Yoo , W. , Ko , M. , Choi , K. Kim , G. 2008 . Time-dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the enhancement of working memory . Neuroreport , 19 : 43 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen , P. , Westerberg , H. and Klingberg , T. 2004 . Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory . Nature Neuroscience , 7 ( 1 ) : 75 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaka , N. , Osaka , M. , Kondo , H. , Morishita , M. , Fukuyama , H. and Shibasaki , H. 2004 . The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences . Neuroimage , 21 : 623 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald , W. , Gunzelmann , T. , Rupprecht , R. and Hagen , B. 2006 . Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: The SimA study in a 5-year perspective . European Journal of Ageing , 3 : 179 – 192 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plenger , P. , Dixon , C. E. , Castillo , R. M. , Frankowski , R. E. , Yablon , S. and Levin , H. 1996 . Subacute methylphenidate treatment for moderate to moderately severe traumatic brain injury: A preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled study . Archives of Physics and Medicine Rehabilitation , 77 : 536 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redick , T. and Engle , R. 2006 . Working memory capacity and attention network test performance . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 20 : 713 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnberg , J. , Larsson , C. , Fogelsjoo , A. , Nilsson , L. G. , Lindberg , M. and Angquist , K. A. 1996 . Memory dysfunction in mild aphasics . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 37 ( 1 ) : 46 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner , M. and Ronnberg , J. 2008 . The role of the episodic buffer in working memory for language processing . Cognitive Processing , 9 : 19 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander , A. M. , Nakase-Richardson , R. , Constantinidou , F. , Wertheimer , J. and Paul , D. 2007 . Memory assessment on a interdisciplinary rehabilitation team: A theoretically based framework . American Journal of Speech Language Pathology , 16 : 316 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmiedek , F. , Lovden , M. and Lindenberger , U. 2010 . Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study . Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , 2 : 27 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seniow , J. , Litwin , M. and Lesniak , M. 2009 . The relationship between non-linguistic cognitive deficits and language recovery in patients with aphasia . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 283 : 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serino , A. , Ciaramelli , E. , Di Santantonio , A. , Malagu , S. , Servadei , F. and Ladavas , E. 2007 . A pilot study for rehabilitation of central executive deficits after traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 21 ( 1 ) : 11 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipstead , Z. , Redick , T. and Engle , R. 2010 . Does working memory training generalise? . Psychologica Belgica , 50 ( 3–4 ) : 245 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinotte , M. and Coelho , C. 2007 . Attention training for reading impairment in mild aphasia: A follow-up study . NeuroRehabilitation , 22 : 303 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Blumenthal , J. , Hoffman , B. , Cooper , H. , Strauman , T. Welsh-Bohmer , K. 2010 . Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials . Psychosomatic Medicine , 72 : 239 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohlberg , M. M. , Johnson , L. , Paule , L. , Raskin , S. A. and Mateer , C. A. 2001 . Attention Process Training-II: A programme to address attentional deficits for persons with mild cognitive dysfunction , 2nd , Wake Forest , NC : Lash & Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. , Kehler , P. and Jerman , O. 2010 . Working memory, strategy knowledge, and strategy instruction in children with reading disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 43 ( 3 ) : 24 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi , H. , Sekiguchi , A. , Taki , Y. , Yokoyama , S. , Yomogida , Y. Komuro , N. 2010 . Training of working memory impacts structural connectivity . The Journal of Neuroscience , 30 ( 9 ) : 3297 – 3303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompkins , C. A. , Bloise , C. G. R. , Timko , M. L. and Baumgaertner , A. 1994 . Working memory and inference revision in brain-damaged and normally aging adults . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 37 : 896 – 912 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallat , C. , Azouvi , P. , Hardisson , H. , Meffert , R. , Tessier , C. and Pradat-Diehl , P. 2005 . Rehabilitation of verbal working memory after left hemisphere stroke . Brain Injury , 19 ( 3 ) : 1157 – 1164 .
   Google Scholar
• Vallat-Azouvi , C. , Pradat-Diehl , P. and Azouvi , P. 2009 . Rehabilitation of the central executive of working memory after severe traumatic brain injury: Two single-case studies . Brain Injury , 23 ( 6 ) : 585 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , A. , Kappos , L. , Calabrese , P. , Stocklin , M. , Gschwind , L. Opwis , K. 2009 . Working memory training in patients with multiple sclerosis: Comparison of two different training schedules . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , 27 : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vukovic , M. , Vuksanovic , J. and Vukovic , I. 2008 . Comparison of recovery patterns of language and cognitive functions in patients with post-traumatic language processing deficits and in patients with aphasia following stroke . Journal of Communication Disorders , 41 : 531 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker-Batson , D. , Curtis , S. , Natarajan , R. , Ford , J. , Dronkers , N. Salmeron , E. 2001 . A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia . Stroke , 32 : 2093 – 2098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ween , J. E. , Verfaellie , M. and Alexander , M. 1996 . Verbal memory function in mild aphasia . Neurology , 47 : 795 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerberg , H. , Jacobaeus , H. , Hirvikoski , T. , Clevberger , P. , Ostensson , M. Bartfai , A. 2007 . Computerised working memory training after stroke: A pilot study . Brain Injury , 21 ( 1 ) : 21 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerberg , H. and Klingberg , T. 2007 . Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory: A single-subject analysis . Physiology & Behavior , 92 : 186 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting , E. , Chenery , H. , Chalk , J. and Copland , D. 2007 . Dexamphetamine boosts naming treatment effects in chronic aphasia . Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society , 13 : 972 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan , F. , Johnson , S. , Diamond , B. , David , Z. and Goolkasian , P. 2010 . Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training . Consciousness and Cognition , 19 : 597 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar