Diffuse brainstem gliomas in children: should we or shouldn't we biopsy?

References

• Stroink A R, Harold J H, Hendrick B, et al. Diagnosis and management of pediatric brain-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 1986; 65: 745–750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein F, Farmer J P. Brain-stem glioma growth patterns. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 408–412
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ternier J, Wray A, Puget S, et al. Tectal plate lesions in children. J Neurosurg 2006; 104(6 Suppl Pediat)369–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein F. A staging system for brain stem gliomas. Cancer 1985; 56: 1804–1806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jallo G I, Biser-Rohrbaugh A, Freed D. Brainstem gliomas. Child's Nerv Syst 2004; 20: 143–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recinos P F, Sciubba D M, Jallo G I. Brainstem tumours: Where are we today. Pediatr Neurosurg 2007; 43: 192–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berger M S, Edwards M S, LaMasters D, et al. Pediatric brain stem tumours: radiographic, pathological and clinical correlations. Neurosurgery 1983; 12: 298–302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littman P, Jarrett P, Bilaniuk L T, et al. Pediatric brain stem gliomas. Cancer 1980; 45: 2787–2792
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen J C. Brain stem glioma. Neurol Neurosurg Update Ser 4 1983; 32: 2–7
   Google Scholar
• Albright A L, Guthkelch A N, Packer R J, et al. Prognostic factors in pediatric brain-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 1986; 65: 751–755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matson D D. Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood2nd edn. Charles C Thomas, Springfield 1969
   Google Scholar
• Petronio J A, Edwards M SB. Management of brain stem tumors in children. Contemp Neurosurg 1989; 11(7)1–6
   Google Scholar
• Choux M, Lena G, Do L. Brainstem tumors. Pediatric neurosurgery, M Choux, C Di Rocco, A Hockley. Churchill Livingstone, New York 2000; 471–491
   Google Scholar
• Albright A L. Brain stem gliomas. Neurological surgery, J Youmans. Saunders, Philadelphia 1996; 2603–2611
   Google Scholar
• Epstein F, Wisoff J H. Intrinsic brain stem tumors in childhood: surgical indications. J Neurooncol 1988; 6: 309–317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milstein J M, Geyer J R, Berger M S, et al. Favourable prognosis for brain stem gliomas in neurofibromatosis. J Neurooncol 1989; 7: 367–371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raffel C, McComb J G, Bodner S, et al. Benign brain stem lesions in pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis: case reports. Neurosurgery 1989; 25: 959–964
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gleason C A, Wise B L, Feinstein B. Stereotactic localisation (with computerized tomographic scanning), biopsy, and radiofrequency treatment of deep brain lesions. Neurosurgery 1978; 2: 217–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artigas J, Ferszt R, Brock M, et al. The relevance of pathological diagnosis for therapy and outcome of brain stem gliomas. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1988; 42: 166–169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broggi G, Franzini A, Migliavacca F, et al. Stereotactic biopsy of deep tumors in infancy and childhood. Childs Brain 1983; 10: 92–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coffey R J, Lunsford R D. Diagnosis and treatment of brain stem mass lesions by CT-guided stereotactic surgery. Appl Neurophysiol 1985; 48: 467–471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coffey R J. Lunsford RD. Stereotactic surgery for mass lesions of the midbrain and pons. Neurosurgery 1985; 17: 12–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank F, Fabrizi A P, Frank-Ricci R, et al. Stereotactic biopsy and treatment of bran stem lesions: combined study of 33 cases (Bologna-Marseille). Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1988; 42: 177–181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franzini A, Allegranza A, Melcarne A, et al. Serial stereotactic biopsy of brain stem expanding lesions. Considerations on 45 consecutive cases. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1988; 42: 170–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giunta F, Grasso G, Marini G, et al. Brain stem expanding lesions: stereotactic diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1989; 46: 86–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kratimenos G P, Nouby R M, Bradford R, et al. Image directed stereotactic biopsy for brain stem lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992; 116: 164–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas D G, Bradford R, Gill S, et al. Computer-directed stereotactic biopsy of intrinsic brain stem lesions. Br J Neurosurg 1988; 2: 235–240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein F, McCleary E L. Intrinsic brain-stem tumors of childhood: surgical indications. J Neurosurg 1986; 64: 11–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein F J. Letter to the editor: prognosis in pediatric brains-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albright A L, Guthkelch A N, Packer R J, et al. Response to: Epstein FJ. Letter to the editor: prognosis in pediatric brains-stem gliomas. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 323–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albright A L, Packer R J, Zimmerman R, et al. Magnetic resonance scans should replace biopsies for the diagnosis of brain-stem gliomas: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 1026–1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samadani U, Judy K D. Stereotactic brainstem biopsy is indicated for the diagnosis of a vast array of brainstem pathology. Stereo Funct Neurosurg 2003; 81: 5–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher M, Schulte-Monting J, Stoeter P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging compared with biopsy in the diagnosis of brainstem diseases of childhood: a multicentre review. J Neurosurg 2007; 106(2 Suppl Pediat)111–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roujeau T, Machado G, Garnett M, et al. Stereotactic biopsy of diffuse pontine lesions in children. J Neurosurg 2007; 107(1 Suppl Pediat)1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korones D N. Treatment of newly diagnosed diffuse brain-stem gliomas in children: in search of the holy grail. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 7: 663–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langmoen I A, Lundar T, Storm-Mathisen I, et al. Management of pediatric pontine gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 1991; 7: 13–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright A L, Price R A, Guthkelch A N. Brain stem gliomas of children. Cancer 1983; 52: 2313–2319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer R J, Boyett J M, Zimmerman R A, et al. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy (72 Gy) for children with brain stem gliomas. A Children's Cancer Group Phase I/II trial. Cancer 1993; 72: 1414–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornreich L, Schwarz M, Karmazyn B, et al. Role of MRI in the management of children with diffuse pontine tumors: a study of 15 patients and review of the literature. Pediat Radiol 2005; 35: 872–879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandell L R, Kadota R, Freeman C R, et al. There is no role for hyperfractionated radiation in the management of children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic brain stem tumors: results of a Pediatric Oncology Group Phase III trial comparing conventional versus hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 43: 959–964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boniscer A, Iacono L, Chintagumpala M, et al. Role of temozolomide after radiotherapy for newly diagnosed diffuse brain stem glioma in children. Cancer 2005; 103: 133–139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer R J, Prados M, Phillips P, et al. Treatment of children with newly diagnosed brain stem gliomas with intravenous recombinant B-interferon and hyperfractionated radiotherapy: a Children's Cancer Group Phase I/II study. Cancer 1996; 77: 2150–2156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broniscer A, Leite C C, Lanchote V L, et al. Radiation therapy and high-dose Tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with diffuse brainstem gliomas: results of a Brazilian cooperative study. Brainstem Glioma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 2000; 1246–1253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner C D, Chi S, Marcus K J, et al. Phase II study of thalidomide and radiation in children with newly diagnosed brain stem gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2007; 82: 95–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada H, Low K L, Kohanbash G, et al. Expression of glioma-associated antigens in pediatric brain stem and non-brain stem gliomas. J Neurooncol 2008, Mar 7 [Epubl ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi B H, Puri R A, Leland P, et al. Idetification of interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain overexpression in situ in high-grade diffusely infiltrative pediatric brainstem glioma. Neuro Oncol 2008, Apr 22 [Epubl ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollack I F, Jakacki R I, Blaney S M, et al. Phase I trial of imatinib in children with newly diagnosed brainstem and recurrent malignant gliomas: a Pediatric Brain Tumour Consortium report. Neuro Oncol 2007; 9: 145–160, [Epubl 2007 Feb 9]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouladi M, Nicholson H S, Zhou T, et al. A phase II study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, in children with recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma, medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor, or brainstem glioma: a Children's Oncology Group study. Cancer 2007; 110: 2535–2541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbertson R J, Hill D A, Hernan R, et al. ERBB1 is amplified and overexpressed in high-grade diffusely infiltrative pediatric brain stem glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 3620–3624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sure U, Reudi D, Tachibana O, et al. Determination of p53 mutations, EGFR overexpression, and loss of p16 expression in pediatric glioblstomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56: 782–789
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louis D N, Rubio M P, Correa K M, et al. Molecular genetics of pediatric brain stem glioma. Application of PCR techniques to small and archival brain tumor specimens. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993; 52: 507–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Ng H K, Zhang S F, et al. Genetic alterations in pediatric high grade astrocytomas. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 1284–1290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung T, Miller D C, Hayes R L, et al. Preferential inactivation of the p53 suppressor pathway and lack of EGFR amplification distinguish de novo high grade pediatric astrocytomas from de novo adult astrocytomas. Brain Path 2000; 10: 249–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald T J, Stewart C F, Kocak M, et al. Phase I trial of cilengitide in children with refractory brain tumors: Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study PBTC-012. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 919–924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broniscer A, Gururangan S, MacDonald T J, et al. Phase I trial of single dose temozolamide and continuous administration of o6-benzylguanine in children with brain tumors: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium report. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 6712–6718
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunwar S, Prados M D, Chang S M, et al. Direct intracerebral delivery of cintredekin besudotox (IL13-PE38QQR) in recurrent malignant glioma: a report by the Cintredekin Besudotox Intraparenchymal Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 837–844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lundsford L D. Results and expectations with image-integrated brainstem stereotactic biopsy. Surg Neurol 1995; 43: 558–562
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pincus D W, Richter E O, Yachnis A T, et al. Brainstem stereotactic biopsy sampling in children. J Neurosurg 2006; 104(2 Suppl Pediat)108–114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steck J, Friedman W A. Stereotactic biopsy of brainstem mass lesions. Surg Neurol 1995; 43: 563–568
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willems J G, Alva-Willems J M. Accuracy of cytological diagnosis of central nervous system neoplasms in stereotactic biopsies. Acta Cytol 1984; 28: 243–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia A C, Malheiros S M, da Rocha A J, et al. Stereotactic biopsy guidance in adults with supratentorial nonenhancing gliomas: role of perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2004; 101: 970–976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadeghi N, D'Haene N, Decaestecker C, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood volume in brain gliomas: relation to tumor cell density and tumor microvessel density based on stereotactic biopsies. AJNR 2008; 29: 476–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue T, Ogasawara K, Beppu T, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging for preoperative evaluation of tumor grade in gliomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 107(3)174–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight T R, Lamborn K R, Love T D, et al. Correlation of magnetic resonance spectroscopic and growth characteristics within Grades II and III gliomas. J Neurosurg 2007; 106: 660–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laprie A, Pirzkall A, Haas-Kogan D A, et al. Longitudinal multivoxel MR spectroscopy study of pediatric diffuse brainstem gliomas treated with radiotherapy. Internat J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62: 20–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirotte B JM, Lubansu A, Massager N, et al. Results of positron emission tomography guidance and reassessment of the utility of and indications for stereotactic biopsy in children with infiltrative brainstem tumors. J Neurosurg: Pediat 2007; 107(5)392–399
   Google Scholar
• Kracht L W, Miletic H, Busch S, et al. Delineation of brain tumor extent with [11C]L-methionine positron emission tomography: local comparison with stereotactic histopathology. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 7163–7170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poussaint T Y, Phillips P C, Vajapeyam S, et al. The Neuroimaging Centre of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium—collaborative neuroimaging in pediatric brain tumor research: a work in progress. AJNR 2007; 28: 603–607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar