References
- Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer 2004;101:613–9.
- Mohseni M, Ebneshahidi A. The effect of oral clonidine premedication on blood loss and the quality of the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Anesth 2011;25:614–7.
- Phillips N, Tyagi A, Marks P, Nix P. Public disclosure of surgeon’s results-pituitary surgery. Br J Neurosurg 2014;28:368–73.
- Youssef AS, Agazzi S, van Loveren HR. Transcranial surgery for pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery 2005;57:168–75.
- Peter M, de Tribolet N. Visual outcome after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. Br J Neurosurg 1995;9:151–8.
- Levy JH, Pifarre R, Schaff HV, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aprotinin for reducing blood loss and the requirement for donor-blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 1995;92:2236–44.
- Ruffolo RR Jr. Distribution and function of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985;22:827–33.
- Pasternak JJ, Atkinson JL, Kasperbauer JL, Lanier WL. Hemodynamic responses to epinephrine-containing local anesthetic injection and to emergence from general anesthesia in transsphenoidal hypophysectomy patients. J Neurosurg Anesth 2004;16:189–95.
- Chelliah YR, Manninen PH. Hazards of epinephrine in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2002;14:43–6.
- Petruscak J, Smith RB. Safety of epinephrine infiltration during halothane anesthesia: a review. Anesth Prog 1974;21:76.
- Folkow LP. Adrenergic vasomotor responses in nasal mucosa of hooded seals. The Am J Physiol 1992;263:R1291–7.
- Wawrzyniak K, Kusza K, Cywinski JB, et al. Premedication with Clonidine before TIVA optimizes surgical field visualization and shortens duration of endoscopic sinus surgery – results of a clinical trial. Rhinology 2013;51:259–64.
- Tabrizi R, Eftekharian H, Pourdanesh F, Khaghaninejad MS. Does oral clonidine premedication decrease bleeding during open rhinoplasty? J Craniofac Surg 2014;25:1101–3.
- Marchal JM, Gómez-Luque A, Martos-Crespo F, Sánchez De La Cuesta F, Martõnez-López MC, Delgado-Martinez AD. Clonidine decreases intraoperative bleeding in middle ear microsurgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001;45:627–33.
- Handa F, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T, Toyooka H. Effects of oral clonidine premedication on side effects of intravenous ketamine anesthesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Anesth 2000;12:19–24.