References
- Patet C, Suys T, Carteron L, et al. Cerebral lactate metabolism after traumatic brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016;16:31
- Bagnato S, Andriolo M, Boccagni C, et al. Reduced neuron-specific enolase levels in chronic severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2020;37:423–7.
- Saw MM, Chamberlain J, Barr M, et al. Differential disruption of blood-brain barrier in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2014;20:209–16.
- Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery 2017;80:6–15.
- Oresic M, et al. Human serum metabolites associate with severity and patient outcomes in traumatic brain injury. EBioMedicine 2016;12:118–26.
- Daoud H, Alharfi I, Alhelali I, et al. Brain injury biomarkers as outcome predictors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2014;20:427–35.
- Sonnay S, Duarte JMN, Just N. Lactate and glutamate dynamics during prolonged stimulation of the rat barrel cortex suggest adaptation of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism. Neuroscience 2017;346:337–48.
- Adamides AA, Rosenfeldt FL, Winter CD, et al. Brain tissue lactate elevations predict episodes of intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg 2009;209:531–9.
- Stefani MA, Modkovski R, Hansel G, et al. Elevated glutamate and lactate predict brain death after severe head trauma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017;4:392–402.
- Maran A, Cranston I, Lomas J, et al. Protection by lactate of cerebral function during hypoglycaemia. Lancet 1994;343:16–20.
- Gallagher CN, Carpenter KLH, Grice P, et al. The human brain utilizes lactate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle: a 13C-labelled microdialysis and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance study. Brain 2009;132:2839–49.
- Bisri T, Utomo BA, Fuadi I. Exogenous lactate infusion improved neurocognitive function of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Asian J Neurosurg 2016;11:151–9.
- Carpenter KL, Jalloh I, Hutchinson PJ. Glycolysis and the significance of lactate in traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci 2015;9:112
- Lozano A, et al. Glucose and lactate concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2020; 32: 162–9.
- VanItallie TB. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in collision sports: possible mechanisms of transformation into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Metab Clin Exp 2019;100S:153943
- Bagnato S, Boccagni C, Sant’angelo A, et al. Emerging from an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: brain plasticity has to cross a threshold level. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:2721–36.
- Lutkenhoff ES, Chiang J, Tshibanda L, et al. Thalamic and extrathalamic mechanisms of consciousness after severe brain injury. Ann Neurol 2015;78:68–76.
- Chaves ML, Camozzato AL, Ferreira ED, et al. Serum levels of S100B and NSE proteins in Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Neuroinflammation 2010;7:6.
- Reiber H, Peter JB. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs. J Neurol Sci 2001;184:101–22.
- Blyth BJ, Farhavar A, Gee C, et al. Validation of serum markers for blood-brain barrier disruption in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009;26:1497–507.
- Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, et al. The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation 2007;22:341–53.
- Jiang J-Y, Gao G-Y, Feng J-F, et al. Traumatic brain injury in China. Lancet Neurol 2019;18:286–95.