References
- Abboud, Lelia. 2020. “Marseille’s Maverick Chloroquine Doctor becomes Pandemic Rock Star,” Financial Times, April 3, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/679024aa-d70a-49df-9c77-e4d9967c0f2d.
- Anderson, Elizabeth. 2011. “Democracy, Public Policy, and Lay Assessments of Scientific Testimony.” Episteme 8 (2): 144–164. doi:10.3366/epi.2011.0013.
- Baier, Annette. 1986. “Trust and Antitrust.” Ethics 96 (2): 231–260. doi:10.1086/292745.
- Bawden, David, and Lyn Robinson. “Information Overload: An Introduction.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1360?rskey=pGstwF&result=1#acrefore-9780190228637-e-1360-div2-2.
- Berlivet, Luc, and Ilana Lowy. 2020. “Hydroxychloroquine Controversies: Clinical Trials, Epistemology, and the Democratization of Science.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 34 (4): 525–541. doi:10.1111/maq.12622.
- Bik, Elisabeth. 2020. “Thoughts on the Gautret et al. paper about Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin treatment of COVID-19 Infections.” Science Integrity Digest (blog), March 24. https://scienceintegritydigest.com/2020/03/24/thoughts-on-the-gautret-et-al-paper-about-hydroxychloroquine-and-azithromycin-treatment-of-covid-19-infections/
- Borba, Mayla Gabriela Silva, Fernando Fonseca Almeida Val, Vanderson Souza Sampaio, Marcia Almeida Araújo Alexandre, Gisely Cardoso Melo, Marcelo Brito, Maria Paula Gomes Mourão, et al. 2020. “Effect of High Vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sarscov-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA Network Open 3 (4.23): e208857–e208857. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857.
- Branch-Smith, Teresa Yolande. 2019. ”Contextualizing Science for Value-Conscious Communication.” PhD diss., University of Waterloo. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/14801
- Brennan, Johnny. 2020. “Can Novices Trust Themselves to Choose Trustworthy Experts? Reasons for (Reserved) Optimism.” Social Epistemology 34 (3): 227–240. doi:10.1080/02691728.2019.1703056.
- Brown, Matthew J. 2020. Science and Moral Imagination: A New Ideal for Values in Science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Corsan, O. 2020. “Covid-19: 59% des Français croient à l’éfficacité de la chloroquine.” Le Parisien, April 5, 2020. https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/sante/covid-19-59-des-francais-croient-a-l-efficacite-de-la-chloroquine-05-04-2020-8294535.php
- Davey, Melissa. 2020. “Australian Doctors Warned off after Prescribing Potentially Deadly Covid-19 Trial Drug to Themselves.” The Guardian, March 25. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/25/australian-doctors-warned- off-after-prescribing-potentially-deadly-covid-19-trial-drug-to-themselves
- Davey, Melissa. 2021. “World expert in scientific misconduct faces legal action for challenging integrity of hydroxychloroquine study.” The Guardian, May 22, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/may/22/world-expert-in-scientific-misconduct-faces-legal-action-for-challenging-integrity-of-hydroxychloroquine-study
- Des Déserts, Sophie, and Ghislain de Violet. 2020. “Le professeur Raoult: Trump s’aligne sur ses positions, Macron le consulte, des scientifiques doutent.” Paris Match, n° 3699, March 26 - April 1. www.parismatch.com/Services/Sommaire/3699.
- Douglas, Heather. 2009. Science, Policy, and the Value-free Ideal. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Elliott, Kevin Christopher. 2017. A Tapestry of Values: An Introduction to Values in Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Elliott, Kevin C, and David B Resnik. 2014. “Science, Policy, and the Transparency of Values.” Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (7): 647. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408107.
- Else, Holly. 2020. “How a Torrent of COVID Science Changed Research Publishing - in Seven Charts.” Nature 588 (7839): 553. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03564-y.
- Epstein, Steven. 1995. “The Construction of Lay Expertise: AIDS Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials.” Science, Technology & Human Values 20 (4): 408–437. doi:10.1177/016224399502000402.
- Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1985. Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men. New York: Basic Books.
- Flavell, John H. 1979. “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-developmental Inquiry.” American Psychologist 34 (10): 906. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906.
- Frenkel, Sheera, Davey Alba, and Raymond Zhong. 2020. “Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter.” New York Times, March 8, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/technology/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html
- Frost-Arnold, Karen. 2013. “Moral Trust & Scientific Collaboration.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 44 (3): 301–310. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2013.04.002.
- Gautret, Philippe, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Philippe Parola, Line Meddeb, Morgane Mailhe, Barbara Doudier, Johan Courjon, et al. 2020. “Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as a Treatment of COVID-19: Results of an Open-label Non-randomized Clinical Trial.” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 56 (1): 105949. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
- Giardini, Francesca, and Rafael Wittek. 2019. The Oxford Handbook of Gossip and Reputation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Goldman, Alvin I. 2001. “Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63 (1): 85–110. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2001.tb00093.x.
- Harding, Sandra. 1986. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women’s Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Heinrichs, John H, Jeen-Su Lim, and Kee-Sook Lim. 2011. “Influence of Social Networking Site and User Access Method on Social Media Evaluation.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 10 (6): 347–355. doi:10.1002/cb.377.
- Holton, Richard. 1994. “Deciding to Trust, Coming to Believe.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 72 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1080/00048409412345881.
- Horby, Peter, and Martin Landray. 2020. “Statement from the Chief Investigators of the Randomised Evaluation of COVid-19 thERapY (RECOVERY) Trial on hydroxychloroquine.” Recovery, June 5. Accessed 18 July 2020. https://www.recoverytrial.net/news/statement-from-the-chief-investigators-of-the-randomised-evaluation-of-covid-19-therapy-recovery-trial-on-hydroxychloroquine-5-june-2020-no-clinical-benefit-from-use-of-hydroxychloroquine-in-hospitalised-patients-with-covid-19.
- Inserm. 2010. “Grand Prix: Didier Raoult — A la Recherche des maladies émergentes.” https://histoire.inserm.fr/de-l-inh-a-l-inserm/les-prix-inserm/prix-2010/didier-raoult-grand-prix-2010
- International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020. Official Statement from International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC).
- Israa, Khaleel, Barbara C. Wimmer, Gregory M. Peterson, Syed Tabish Razi Zaidi, Erin Roehrer, Elizabeth Cummings, and Kenneth Lee. 2020. “Health Information Overload among Health Consumers: A Scoping Review.” Patient Education and Counseling 103 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.08.008.
- Kahan, Dan M, Ellen Peters, Maggie Wittlin, Paul Slovic, Lisa Larrimore Ouellette, Donald Braman, and Gregory Mandel. 2012. “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks.” Nature Climate Change 2 (10): 732–735. doi:10.1038/nclimate1547.
- Keren, Arnon. 2007. “Epistemic Authority, Testimony and the Transmission of Knowledge.” Episteme 4 (3): 368–381. doi:10.3366/E1742360007000147.
- Keren, Arnon. 2019. “Trust, Preemption, and Knowledge.” In Trust in Epistemology, edited by Katherine Dormandy, 114–135. New York: Routledge.
- Kim, Alfred Hyoungju, Jeffrey A. Sparks, Jean W. Liew, Michael S. Putman, Francis Berenbaum, Alí Duarte-García, Elizabeth R Graef et al. 2020. “A Rush to Judgment? Rapid Reporting and Dissemination of Results and Its Consequences Regarding the Use of Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19.” Annals of Internal Medicine 172 (12), 819–821. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1223
- Lackey, J. 2018. Credibility and the Distribution of Epistemic Goods. In Believing in Accordance with the Evidence. edited by Kevin McCain, 145–168. vol 398. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95993-1_10
- Le Monde avec AFP. 2021. “A Marseille, des perquisitions menées à l’IHU du professeur Didier Raoult,” June 14, 2021. https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2021/06/14/des-perquisitions-menees-a-l-ihu-du-professeur-didier-raoult-amarseille_6084107_3224.html.
- Le Point. 2020. ‘L’élite, c’est moi’: La dernière contre-attaque de Didier Raoult. Youtube Video, June 2. https://youtu.be/SjlZplAtuCM.
- Lehmann, Christian. 2020. “The Chloroquine Elephant in the Room.” For Better Science (blog), May 11, 2020. https://forbetterscience.com/2020/05/11/the-chloroquine-elephant-in-the-room-by-christian-lehmann/.
- Longino, Helen E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Longino, Helen E. 1995. “Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues.” Synthese 104 (3): 383–397. doi:10.1007/BF01064506.
- Magagnoli, Joseph, Siddharth Narendran, Felipe Pereira, Tammy Cummings, James W. Hardin, S. Scott Sutton, and Jayakrishna Ambati. 2020. “Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States Veterans Hospitalized with Covid-19.” Clinical Advances 1 (1): 114–127.e3. doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001.
- Mehra, Mandeep R, Sapan Desai, Frank Ruschitzka, and Amit Patel. 2020. ”Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or without a Macrolide for Treatment of COVID-19: A Multinational Registry Analysis.” The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6.
- Miller, Boaz. 2009. “What Does It Mean that PRIMES Is in P? Popularization and Distortion Revisited.” Social Studies of Science 39 (2): 257–288. doi:10.1177/0306312708101131.
- Miller, Boaz. 2013. “When Is Consensus Knowledge Based? Distinguishing Shared Knowledge from Mere Agreement.” Synthese 190 (7): 1293–1316. doi:10.1007/s11229-012-0225-5.
- Miller, Boaz. 2014. “Catching the WAVE: The Weight-adjusting Account of Values and Evidence.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 47: 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2014.02.007.
- Miller, Boaz. 2019. “The Social Epistemology of Consensus and Dissent.” In The Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology, edited by David Henderson, Peter Graham, Miranda Fricker, and Nikolaj J.L.L. Pedersen, 230–239. New York: Routledge.
- Milman, Oliver. 2020. “Trump Touts Hydroxychloroquine as a Cure for Covid-19. Don’t believe the hype.” The Guardian, April 6, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/apr/06/coronavirus-cure-fact-check-hydroxychloroquine-trump.
- Mohammed, Mustapha, Abubakar Sha’aban, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Ismaeel Yunusa, Abubakar Musa Isa, Abubakar Sadiq Wada, Kehinde Obamiro, Hadzliana Zainal, and Baharudin Ibrahim. 2021. “Assessment of COVID-19 Information Overload among the General Public.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 1–9. doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00905-5.
- Molina, Jean Michel, J. L Go Constance Delaugerre, Breno Mela-Lima, Diane Ponscarme, Lauriane Goldwirt, and Nathalie de Castro. 2020. “No Evidence of Rapid Antiviral Clearance or Clinical Benefit with the Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection.” Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 50 (4): 384. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006.
- Moran, Anaïs. 2020. “Didier Raoult face aux députés: “Je suis désolé que vous n’aimiez pas mon essai, moi je l’aime beaucoup.” Libération, June 25, 2020. https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/06/25/didier-raoult-face-aux-deputes-je-suis-desole-que-vous-n-aimiez-pas-mon-essai-moi-je-l-aime-beaucoup_1792349
- Morisseau, Tiffany, T. Y. Branch, and Gloria Origgi. 2021. “Stakes of Knowing the Truth: A Motivational Perspective on the Popularity of A Controversial Scientific Theory”. Frontiers in Psychology 12: 3800. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708751.
- Nahon, Karine, and Jeff Hemsley. 2013. Going Viral. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
- Origgi, Gloria. 2019. Reputation: What It Is and Why It Matters. Princeton, UK: Princeton University Press.
- Origgi, Gloria, and Giovanni B Ramello. 2015. “Current Dynamics of Scholarly Publishing.” Evaluation Review 39 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/0193841X15572017.
- Piso, Zachary, Ian Werkheiser, Samantha Noll, and Christina Leshko. 2016. “Sustainability of What? Recognising the Diverse Values that Sustainable Agriculture Works to Sustain.” Environmental Values 25 (2): 195–214. doi:10.3197/096327116X14552114338864.
- Raz, Joseph. 1985. “Authority and Justification.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 14 (1): 3–29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265235.
- Riquelme, Fabián, and Pablo González-Cantergiani. 2016. “Measuring User Influence on Twitter: A Survey.” Information Processing & Management 52 (5): 949–975. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2016.04.003.
- Rogers, Adam. 2020. “Chloroquine May Fight Covid-19 and Silicon Valley’s Into It.” Wired, March 19, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/an-old-malaria-drug-may-fight-covid-19-and-silicon-valleys-into-it/.
- Rooney, Phyllis. 1992. ”On Values in Science: Is the Epistemic/non-epistemic Distinction Useful?” In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992, 13–22. Chicago: Philosophy of Science Association.
- Rosenberg, Eli S, Elizabeth M Dufort, Tomoko Udo, Larissa A Wilberschied, Jessica Kumar, James Tesoriero, Patti Weinberg, et al. 2020. “Association of Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York State.” JAMA 323 (24): 2493–2502. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.8630.
- Russonello, G. 2020. “Afraid of Coronavirus? That Might Say Something About Your Politics.” New York Times, March 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-polling.html.
- Sayare, Scott. 2020. “He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19.” New York Times Magazine, May 12, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/12/magazine/didier-raoult-hydroxychloroquine.html.
- Schafer, Andrew I. 2010. “The Vanishing Physician-scientist?” Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 155 (1): 1. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2009.09.006.
- Simon, J. 2020. Foreword. Simon, J. (Ed.) In The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy. New York: Routledge.
- Sollenberger, Roger. 2020. “Google may be Suppressing ‘Trump Hydroxychloroquine’ Searches After Damning New Study.” Salon, May 27, 2020. https://www.salon.com/2020/05/27/google-may-be-suppressing-trump-hydroxychloroquine-searches-after-damning-new-study/.
- Sperber, Dan, Fabrice Clément, Christophe Heintz, Olivier Mascaro, Hugo Mercier, Gloria Origgi, and Deirdre Wilson. 2010. “Epistemic Vigilance.” Mind & Language 25 (4): 359–393. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x.
- Stricker, George, and Steven J Trierweiler. 1995. “The Local Clinical Scientist: A Bridge between Science and Practice.” American Psychologist 50 (12): 995. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.995.
- Thompson, Sylvia. 2020. “Scientific Advisers Strive to be ‘Honest Brokers’ in Times of Crisis.” Irish Times, March 19, 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/scientific-advisers-strive-to-be-honest-brokers-in-times-of-crisis-1.4197587.
- Tirole, Jean. 1996. “A Theory of Collective Reputations (With Applications to the Persistence of Corruption and to Firm Quality).” The Review of Economic Studies 63 (1): 1–22. doi:10.2307/2298112.
- Weintraub, Philipp. 1948. Review of The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, by Max Weber. Social Forces, 27 (1): 91–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2572468.
- Wilholt, Torsten. 2013. “Epistemic Trust in Science.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 64 (2): 233–253. doi:10.1093/bjps/axs007.
- Wong, Julia Carrie. 2020. “Hydroxychloroquine: How an Unproven Drug Became Trump’s Coronavirus ‘Miracle Cure’.” The Guardian, April 7, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug.
- World Health Organization. 2020a. “WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19,” March 11, 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
- World Health Organization. 2020b. “Medical Product Alert N°4/2020: Falsified chloroquine products circulating in the WHO region of Africa,” April 9, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-04-2020-medical-product-alert-n4-2020.
- Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. 2015. Epistemic Authority: A Theory of Trust, Authority, and Autonomy in Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Zhou, Fei, Yu Ting, Ronghui Du, Guohui Fan, Ying Liu, Zhibo Liu, Jie Xiang, et al. 2020. “Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 inWuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” The Lancet 395 (10229): 1054–1062. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.