Trust, Vaccine Hesitancy, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological Perspective

References

• Aschwanden, Christie. 2021. “Five Reasons Why COVID Herd Immunity Is Probably Impossible.” Nature 591 (March): 520–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00728-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, Alicia L., Faith E. Fletcher, Mika Kadono, and Rueben C. Warren. 2021. “Institutional Distrust Among African Americans and Building Trustworthiness in the COVID-19 Response: Implications for Ethical Public Health Practice.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 32 (1): 90–98. doi:10.1353/hpu.2021.0010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsch, Cornelia, Philipp Schmid, Dorothee Heinemeier, Lars Korn, Cindy Holtmann, and Robert Böhm. 2018. “Beyond Confidence: Development of a Measure Assessing the 5C Psychological Antecedents of Vaccination.” PLoS ONE 13 (12): e0208601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon, Dwayne T., Lydia A. Isaac, and Thomas A. LaVeist. 2005. ”The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?” Journal of the National Medical Association 97 (7): 951–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlie, Julie, and Alexandra Howson. 2005. “‘Leaps of Faith’ and MMR: An Empirical Study of Trust.” Sociology 39 (2): 221–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038505050536.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, Philip R. 1992. Husserl, Heidegger and the Crisis of Philosophical Responsibility. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bunch, Lauren. 2021. ”A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice.” HEC Forum 33 (1): 143–154. doi:10.1007/s10730-021-09440-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020a. “History of Measles.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 5. https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020b. “Myocarditis and Pericarditis After MRNA COVID-19 Vaccination.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 11. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/myocarditis.html
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Robert T., and Beth Hibbs. 1998. ”Vaccine Safety: Current and Future Challenges.” Pediatric Annals 27 (7): 445–455. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19980701-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza, Gypsyamber, and David Dowdy. 2021. “What is Herd Immunity and How Can We Achieve It with COVID-19?” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, April 6. https://www.jhsph.edu/COVID-19/articles/achieving-herd-immunity-with-COVID19.html
   Google Scholar
• Dror, Amiel A., Netanel Eisenbach, Shahar Taiber, Nicole G. Morozov, Matti Mizrachi, Asaf Zigron, Samer Srouji, and Eyal Sela. 2020. “Vaccine Hesitancy: The next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19.” European Journal of Epidemiology 35: 775–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Govind Persad, Adam Kern, Allen Buchanan, Cécile Fabre, Daniel Halliday, Joseph Heath, et al. 2020. ”An Ethical Framework for Global Vaccine Allocation.” Science 369 (6509): 1309–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: PRAC Investigating Cases of Thromboembolic Events - Vaccine’s Benefits Currently Still Outweigh Risks Update.” Text. European Medicines Agency, March 11. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-prac-investigating-cases-thromboembolic-events-vaccines-benefits
   Google Scholar
• Ferdinand, Keith C. 2021. “Overcoming Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination in African Americans: The Need for Cultural Humility.” American Journal of Public Health 111 (4): 586–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, Paul. 2014. “Science and Society: Vaccines and Public Health.” Public Health 128 (8): 686–692. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2014.06.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, Maya J. 2016. ”Public Misunderstanding of Science? Reframing the Problem of Vaccine Hesitancy.” Perspectives on Science 24 (5): 552–581. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00223.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, Maya J. 2021. Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gostin, Lawrence O., Daniel A. Salmon, and Heidi J. Larson. 2021. ”Mandating COVID-19 Vaccines.” Jama 325(6): 532–533. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramlich, John, and Cary Funk. 2020. “Black Americans Face Higher COVID-19 Risks, are More Hesitant to Trust Medical Scientists, Get Vaccinated.” Pew Research Center (blog), June 4. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/04/black-americans-face-higher-covid-19-risks-are-more-hesitant-to-trust-medical-scientists-get-vaccinated/
   Google Scholar
• Hamel, Liz, Lunna Lopes, Cailey Muñana, Artiga Samantha, and Mollyann Brodie. 2020. ”Kff/the Undefeated Survey on Race and Health.” KFF (blog), October 14. https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-the-undefeated-survey-on-race-and-health-main-findings/
   Google Scholar
• Hermberg, Kevin. 2011. ”Husserl’s (Even More) Social Epistemology.” In Variations on Truth: Approaches in Contemporary Phenomenology, edited by Pol Vandevelde and Kevin Hermberg, 161–176. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Heyerdahl, Leonard W., Bagrey Ngwira, Rachel Demolis, Gabriel Nyirenda, Maurice Mwesawina, Florentina Rafael, Philippe Cavailler, et al. 2018. “Innovative Vaccine Delivery Strategies in Response to a Cholera Outbreak in the Challenging Context of Lake Chilwa. A Rapid Qualitative Assessment.” Vaccine 36: 6491–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson-West, Pru. 2003. “Understanding Vaccination Resistance: Moving Beyond Risk.” Health, Risk & Society 5 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1080/13698570310001606978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, Beth. 2005. “10 Vaccine Myths—Busted.” Baby Talk 70 (7): 52.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1931] 1960. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Translated by Dorion Cairns. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1929] 1969. Formal and Transcendental Logic. Translated by Dorion Cairns. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1954] 1970a. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy. Translated by David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1954] 1970b. ”The Life-World and the World of Science.” In The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy, translated by David Carr, 379–384. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1952] 1989. Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy. Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution. Translated by Richard Rojcewicz and André Schuwer. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1973] 1997. Experience and Judgement: Investigations in a Genealogy of Logic. Edited by Ludwig Langrebe. Translated by James S. Churchhill and Karl Ameriks. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Husserl, Edmund. [1921] 2001. Logical Investigations: Volume II. Edited by Dermot Moran, Translated by J. N. Findlay, International Library of Philosophy. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Janko, Matthew. 2012. ”Vaccination: A Victim of Its Own Success.” AMA Journal of Ethics 14 (1): 3–4, January 1. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.1.fred1-1201.
   Google Scholar
• Kant, Immanuel. [1797] 1991. The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and edited by Mary J. Gregor. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Jonathan. 2020. “Vaccine Hesitancy: A Growing Concern.” Pediatric Drugs 22 (2): 105–111. doi:10.1007/s40272-020-00385-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondrlik, Kristin E. 2020. “Conscientious Objection to Vaccination and the Failure to Solidify Professional Identity in Late Victorian Socio-Medical Journals.” Victorian Periodicals Review 53 (3): 338–371. doi:10.1353/vpr.2020.0032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, Heidi J. 2020. Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start — and Why They Don’t Go Away. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, Heidi J., Richard M. Clarke, Caitlin Jarrett, Elisabeth Eckersberger, Zachary Levine, Will S. Schulz, and Pauline Paterson. 2018. ”Measuring Trust in Vaccination: A Systematic Review.” Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 14 (7): 1599–1609, July 3. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, Heidi J., Louis Z. Cooper, Juhani Eskola, Samuel L. Katz, and Scott Ratzan. 2011. ”Addressing the Vaccine Confidence Gap.” The Lancet 378 (9790): 526–535. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60678-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, Heidi J., Caitlin Jarrett, Elisabeth Eckersberger, David M. D. Smith, and Pauline Paterson. 2014. ”Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy Around Vaccines and Vaccination from a Global Perspective: A Systematic Review of Published Literature, 2007–2012.” Vaccine 32 (19): 2150–2159. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasco, Gideon. 2020. “Medical Populism and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Global Public Health 15 (10): 1417–1429. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasco, Gideon, and Nicole Curato. 2019. “Medical Populism.” Social Science & Medicine 221 (January): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasco, Gideon, and Heidi J. Larson. 2020. ”Medical Populism and Immunisation Programmes: Illustrative Examples and Consequences for Public Health.” Global Public Health 15 (3): 334–344. doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1680724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurencin, Cato T. 2021. ”Addressing Justified Vaccine Hesitancy in the Black Community.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 8 (3): 543–546, June 1. doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01025-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, Melissa, and James Fairhead. 2007. Vaccine Anxieties: Global Science, Child Health and Society. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann, Niklas. 1988. ”Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives.” In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, edited by Diego Gambetta, 94–107. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, Amy. 2021. “Herd Immunity is an Important—and Often Misunderstood—public Health Phenomenon.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (21): e2107692118, May 25. doi:10.1073/pnas.2107692118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagu, Mary Wortley. 2012. The Turkish Embassy Letters. Edited by Daniel O’Quinn and Teresa Heffernan. Ontario: Broadview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nan, Xiaoli, Irina A. Iles, Bo Yang, and Zexin Ma. 2022. “Public Health Messaging during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Lessons from Communication Science.” Health Communication 37 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1994910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offit, Paul A. 2008. Autism’s False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer, Michael, Naomi Oreskes, Dale Jamieson, Keynyn Brysse, Jessica O’Reilly, Matthew Shindell, and Milena Wazeck. 2019. Discerning Experts: The Practices of Scientific Assessment for Environmental Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226602158.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Ozar, Anne. 2018. ”Trust as a Moral Emotion.” In Emotional Experiences: Ethical and Social Significance, edited by John Drummond and Sonja Rinofner-Kreidl, 137–153. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Peretti-Watel, Patrick, Valérie Seror, Sébastien Cortaredona, Odile Launay, Jocelyn Raude, Pierrea Verger, Lisa Fressard, et al. 2020. “A Future Vaccination Campaign against COVID-19 at Risk of Vaccine Hesitancy and Politicisation.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 (7): 769–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30426-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petranovich, Sean. 2019. ”Trust and Betrayal from a Husserlian Standpoint.” In From Trust to Trustworthiness, edited by Maria Baghramian, 117–140. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, Sandra, Amelia Jamison, Donald Musa, Karen Hilyard, and Vicki Freimuth. 2016. ”Exploring the Continuum of Vaccine Hesitancy Between African American and White Adults: Results of a Qualitative Study.” PLoS Currents 29 (8). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5309123/.
   Google Scholar
• Randolph, Haley E., and Luis B. Barreiro. 2020. ”Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19.” Immunity 52 (5): 737–741, May 19. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razai, Mohammad S., Pippa Oakeshott, Aneez Esmail, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Kasisomayajula Viswanath, and Melinda C. Mills. 2021. ”COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Five Cs to Tackle Behavioural and Sociodemographic Factors.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 114 (6): 295–298. doi:10.1177/01410768211018951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2021. “Fact Check: Some European Countries Halted Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines for Young People.” Reuters, October 18, Reuters Fact Check. https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-europe-moderna-idUSL1N2RE22K
   Google Scholar
• Riedel, Stefan. 2005. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination.” Proceedings - Baylor University. Medical Center 18 (1): 21–25.
   Google Scholar
• Rossen, Isabel, Mark J. Hurlstone, Patrick D. Dunlop, and Carmen Lawrence. 2019. ”Accepters, Fence Sitters, or Rejecters: Moral Profiles of Vaccination Attitudes.” Social Science & Medicine 224 (March): 23–27. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabahelzain, Majdi M., Kenneth Hartigan-Go, and Heidi J. Larson. 2021. ”The Politics of Covid-19 Vaccine Confidence.” Current Opinion in Immunology 71 (August): 92–96. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam, Malik. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates.” Vaccines 9 (2): 160. doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoch-Spana, Monica, Emily K. Brunson, Rex Long, Alexandra Ruth, Sanjana J. Ravi, Marc Trotochaud, Luciana Borio, et al. 2021. “The Public’s Role in COVID-19 Vaccination: Human-Centered Recommendations to Enhance Pandemic Vaccine Awareness, Access, and Acceptance in the United States.” Vaccine 39 (40): 6004–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Carole. 2005. “Understanding Trust and Confidence: Two Paradigms and Their Significance for Health and Social Care.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 22 (3): 299–316. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2005.00312.x.
   Google Scholar
• Taverne, Dick. 2005. The March of Unreason: Science, Democracy, and the New Fundamentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whyte, Kyle Powys, and Robert P. Crease. 2010. “Trust, Expertise, and the Philosophy of Science.” Synthese 177 (3): 411–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-010-9786-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, Jacqui. 2021. “Covid-19: European Countries Suspend Use of Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine after Reports of Blood Clots.” British Medical Journal 372: n699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2014. ”Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy.” World Health Organization, November 12. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/SAGE_working_group_revised_report_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2019. Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2020. “Worldwide Measles Deaths Climb 50% from 2016 to 2019 Claiming Over 207 500 Lives in 2019.” World Health Organization, November 12. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-11-2020-worldwide-measles-deaths-climb-50-from-2016-to-2019-claiming-over-207-500-lives-in-2019
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2022. Module 3 – Rates of Adverse Vaccine Reactions - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics. World Health Organization. https://vaccine-safety-training.org/rates-of-adverse-vaccine-reactions.html
   Google Scholar
• Yancy, Clyde W. 2020. “COVID-19 and African Americans.” JAMA 323 (19): 1891–92. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarocostas, John. 2020. “How to Fight an Infodemic.” The Lancet 395 (10225): 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar