Trochosira polychaeta: a colonial diatom from the late Cretaceous exhibiting two contrasting chain-linking mechanisms and a wide range of preservation

References

• Barron J.A. 1985. Diatom stratigraphy of the CESAR 6 core, Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean. In: Initial Geological Report on CESAR: The Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean (Ed. by H.R. Jackson, P.J. Mudie & S.M. Blasco), pp. 137–148. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Paper 84–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bentley K., Clack C. & Cox E.J. 2012. Diatom colony formation: a computational study predicts a single mechanism can produce both linkage and separation valves due to an environmental switch. Journal of Phycology 48: 716–728. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01176.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway H.L. & Harrison P.J. 1977. Marine diatoms grown in chemostats under silicate or ammonium limitation. IV. Transient response of Chaetoceros debilis, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira gravida to a single addition of the limiting nutrient. Marine Biology 43: 33–43. doi: 10.1007/BF00392569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford R.M. & Sims P.A. 2008. Some principles of chain formation as evidenced by the early diatom fossil record. Nova Hedwigia 133: 171–186.
   Google Scholar
• Davies A., Kemp A.E.S. & Pike J. 2009. Late Cretaceous seasonal ocean variability from the Arctic. Nature 460: 254–258. doi: 10.1038/nature08141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell'Agnese D.J. & Clark D.L. 1994. Siliceous microfossils from the warm late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic arctic ocean. Journal of Paleontology 68: 31–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebeshuber I.C. & Crawford R.M. 2006. Micromechanics in biogenic hydrated silica: hinges and interlocking devices in diatoms. Journal of Engineering Tribology 220: 787–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersonde R. & Harwood D.M. 1990. Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea). part 1: vegetative cells. In: Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results, 113 (Ed. by P.F. Barker & J.P. Kennett), pp. 365–402. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Hajós M. & Stradner R.H. 1975. Late Cretaceous Archaemonadaceae, Diatomaceae and Silicoflagellatae from the South Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 29, Site 275. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 29: 913–1009. Washington D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Hargraves P.E. 1986. The relationship of some fossil diatom genera to resting spores. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by M. Ricard), pp. 67–80. O. Koeltz: Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
   Google Scholar
• Harwood D.M. 1988. Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene diatom and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy of Seymour Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula. In: Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Geological Society of America Memoir 169. (Ed. by M.R. Feldmann & M.E. Woodburne), pp. 55–129. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
   Google Scholar
• Harwood D.M. & Gersonde R. 1990. Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea). part 2: resting spores, Chrysophycean cycts, an endoskeletal dinoflagellate, and notes on the origin of diatoms. In: Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results, 113 (Ed. by P.F. Barker & J.P. Kennett), pp. 403–425. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Harwood D.M. & Nikolaev V.A. 1995. Cretaceous diatoms: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy. In: Siliceous Microfossils, (Ed. by C.D. Blome et al. (conveners)), Paleontological Society short course notes 8, pp. 81–106, pls 101–104.
   Google Scholar
• Harwood D.M., Nikolaev V.A. & Winter D.M. 2007. Cretaceous records of diatom evolution, radiation, and expansion. In: Pond scum to carbon sink: geological and environmental applications of the diatoms (Ed. by S. Starratt), pp. 33–59. The Paleontology Society Papers 13, Paleontological Society, New Haven.
   Google Scholar
• Kitchell J.A., Clark D.L. & Gombos A.M. 1986. Biological selectivity of extinction: a link between background and mass extinction. Palaios 1: 504–511. doi: 10.2307/3514632
   Google Scholar
• Kemp A.E.S. & Villareal T.A. 2013. High diatom production and export in stratified waters - A potential negative feedback to global warming. Progress in Oceanography 119: 4–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kooistra W.C.F., Gersonde R., Medlin L.K. & Mann D.G. 2007. The origin and evolution of the diatoms: their adaptation to a planktonic existence. In: Evolution of primary producers in the sea (Ed. by P.G. Falkowski & A.H. Knoll), pp. 201–250.
   Google Scholar
• McQuoid M.R. & Nordberg K. 2006. Composition and origin of benthic flocculent layers in Swedish fjords following the spring bloom – contribution of diatom frustules and resting stages. Nova Hedwigia 83: 1–16. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0083-0001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musielak M.M., Karp-Boss L., Jumars J.A. & Fauci L.J. 2009. Nutrient transport and acquisition by diatom chains in a moving fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 638: 401–421. doi: 10.1017/S0022112009991108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaev V.A., Kociolek J.P., Fourtanier F., Barron J.A. & Harwood D.M. 2001. Late Cretaceous diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Marca Shale member of the Moreno Formation, California. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 152: 119 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rynearson T.A., Richardson K., Lampitt R.S., Sieracki M.E. Poulton A.J., Lyngsgaard M.M. & Perry M.J. 2013. Major contribution of diatom resting spores to vertical flux in the sub-polar North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 82: 60–71. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2013.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter I., Kemp A.E.S., Moore C.M., Lampitt R.S., Wolff G. & Holtvoeth J. 2012. Diatom resting spore ecology drives enhanced carbon export from a naturally iron-fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26: GB1014. 10.1029/2010GB003977 doi: 10.1029/2010GB003977
   Google Scholar
• Scherer R.P. 1994. A new method for the determination of absolute abundance of diatoms and other silt-sized sedimentary particles. Journal of Paleolimnology 12: 171–179. doi: 10.1007/BF00678093
   Google Scholar
• Smetacek V., Assmy P. & Henjes J. 2004. The role of grazing in structuring Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Antarctic Science 16: 541–558. doi: 10.1017/S0954102004002317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims P.A. 1988. The fossil genus Trochosira, its morphology, taxonomy and systematics. Diatom Research 3: 245–257. doi: 10.1080/0269249X.1988.9705037
   Google Scholar
• Sims P.A. 1994. Skeletonemopsis, a new genus based on the fossil species of the genus Skeletonema Grev. Diatom Research 9: 387–410. doi: 10.1080/0269249X.1994.9705316
   Google Scholar
• Sims P.A., Mann D.G. & Medlin L.K. 2006. Evolution of the diatoms: insights from fossil, biological and molecular data. Phycological Reviews 45: 361–402. doi: 10.2216/05-22.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strelnikova N.I. 1971. Species novae bacillariophytorum e sedimentis cretae posterioris in declivate orientali partis polaris ac praepolaris Montium Uralensium. Novosti Systematiki Nizshikh Rastenii, Botanicheskii Institut, Akademia Nauk SSSR 8: 41–51.
   Google Scholar
• Strelnikova N.I. 1974. Diatomei pozdnego mela. Nauka, Moskva.
   Google Scholar
• Suto I., Jordan R.W. & Watanabe M. 2009. Taxonomy of middle Eocene diatom resting spores and their allied taxa from the central arctic basin. Micropaleontology 55: 259–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabayashi M., Lew K., Johnson A., Marchi A., Dugdale R., & Wilkerson F.P. 2006. The effect of nutrient availability and temperature on chain length of the diatom. Skeletonema costatum. Journal of Plankton Research 28: 831–840. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbl018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia P.M. & Harwood D.M. 2002. Upper Cretaceous diatom biostratigraphy of the arctic archipelago and northern continental margin, Canada. Micropaleontology 48: 303–342. doi: 10.2113/48.4.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkowski J., Sims P.A. & Harwood D.M. 2011. Rutilariaceae redefined: a review of fossil bipolar diatom genera with centrally positioned linking structures, with implications for the origins of pennate diatoms. European Journal of Phycology 46: 378–398. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2011.629685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young A.M., Karp-Boss L., Jumars J.A. & Landis E.N. 2012. Quantifying diatom aspirations: mechanical properties of chain-forming species. Limnology and Oceanography 57: 1789–1801. doi: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.6.1789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar