The correct use of the names Synedra Ehrenberg and Catacombas Williams & Round, a note on the name ‘Hystrix Bory 1822’, and some suggestions how to tackle the taxonomic relationships of Synedra

References

• Adl S.M., Bass D., Lane C. E., Lukeš J., Schoch C. L., Smirnov A., Agatha S., Berney C., Brown M. W., Burki F., Cárdenas P., Čepička I., Chistyakova L., Campo J., Dunthorn M., Edvardsen B., Eglit Y., Guillou L., Hampl V., Heiss A.A., Hoppenrath M., James T.Y., Karnkowska A., Karpov S., Kim E., Kolisko M., Kudryavtsev A., Lahr D.J., Lara E., Le Gall L., Lynn D.H., Mann D.G., Massana R., Mitchell E.A., Morrow C., Park J.S., Pawlowski J.W., Powell M.J., Richter D.J., Rueckert S., Shadwick L., Shimano S., Spiegel F.W., Torruella G., Youssef N., Zlatogursky V. & Zhang Q. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiba F., Hiramatsu C. & Yanagisawa Y. 1993. A cenozoic diatom genus Cavitatus Williams; an emended description and two new biostratigraphically useful species, C. lanceolatus and C. rectus from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, ser. C (Geology. Paleontology 19: 11–39.
   Google Scholar
• Belando M.D, Jiménez J.F., Marín A. & Aboal M. 2018. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Hyalosynedra lanceolata sp. nov. and an extended description of Hyalosynedra (Bacillariophyta). European Journal of Phycology 53: 208–218. DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2018.1426787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengston P. 1988. Open nomenclature. Palaeontology 31: 223–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. 1822a. Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brongniart, De Candolle, Daudebard de Férusac, A. Desmoulins, Drapiez, Edwards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, A. De Jussieu, Kunth, G. de Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Duplessis, C. Prévost, A. Richard, Thiébaut de Berneaud, et Bory de Saint-Vincent. Ouvrage dirigé par ce dernier collaborateur, et dans lequel on a ajouté, pour le porter au niveau de la science, un grand nombre de mots qui n’avaient pu faire partie de la plupart des Dictionnaires antérieurs. Tome premier. [AAV–ARZ]. Paris: Rey et Gravier; Baudoin frères, [i]–xvi, 604 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent J.B.G.M. 1822b. Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brongniart, De Candolle, Daudebard de Férusac, A. Desmoulins, Drapiez, Edwards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, A. De Jussieu, Kunth, G. de Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Duplessis, C. Prévost, A. Richard, Thiébaut de Berneaud, et Bory de Saint-Vincent. Ouvrage dirigé par ce dernier collaborateur, et dans lequel on a ajouté, pour le porter au niveau de la science, un grand nombre de mots qui n’avaient pu faire partie de la plupart des Dictionnaires antérieurs. Tome second [ASA–CAC]. Rey et Gravier, Paris Baudoin frères, 604 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent J.B.G.M. 1824a. Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brongniart, De Candolle, Daudebard de Férusac, A. Desmoulins, Drapiez, Edwards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, A. De Jussieu, Kunth, G. de Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Duplessis, C. Prévost, A. Richard, Thiébaut de Berneaud, et Bory de Saint-Vincent. Ouvrage dirigé par ce dernier collaborateur, et dans lequel on a ajouté, pour le porter au niveau de la science, un grand nombre de mots qui n’avaient pu faire partie de la plupart des Dictionnaires antérieurs. Tome cinquième CRA–D. Rey et Gravier, Paris Baudoin frères, 653 pp. [errata on unnumbered p. 654, ‘Fautes essentielles à corriger dans l’article création’].
   Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent J.B.G.M. 1824b. Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brongniart, De Candolle, Daudebard de Férusac, A. Desmoulins, Drapiez, Edwards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, A. De Jussieu, Kunth, G. de Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Duplessis, C. Prévost, A. Richard, Thiébaut de Berneaud, et Bory de Saint-Vincent. Ouvrage dirigé par ce dernier collaborateur, et dans lequel on a ajouté, pour le porter au niveau de la science, un grand nombre de mots qui n’avaient pu faire partie de la plupart des Dictionnaires antérieurs. Tome sixième E–FOUQ. Paris: Rey et Gravier. Baudoin frères, 593 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent J.B.G.M. 1824c. [17th July]. Encyclopédie Méthodique, 2(1), Histoire Naturelle Des Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés. Agasse, Paris, i–viii, 1–376.
   Google Scholar
• Bory de Saint-Vincent J.B.G.M. 1827. [26th September]. Encyclopédie Méthodique, 2 (2), Histoire Naturelle Des Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés. Agasse, Paris, 377–819.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer C.S. 1927. Synopsis of North American diatomaceae, supplement, part 1.—Coscinodiscatae, Rhizosolenatae, Biddulphiatae, Fragilariatae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 78, 1–228.
   Google Scholar
• Brutschy A. 1922. Die Vegetation und der Zooplankton des Hallwiler Sees. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 10 (91–138): 271–298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19220100304
   Google Scholar
• Bukhtiyarova L.N. 1995. Novye taksonomischeskie kombinatsii diatomovykh vodoroslei (Bacillariophyta). Algologia 5: 417–424.
   Google Scholar
• Cantonati M., Kelly M.G., & Lange-Bertalot H. (eds.) 2017. Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: over 800 common species used in ecological assessments. Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten-Oberreifenberg. 942 pp., 135 pls.
   Google Scholar
• Cao Y., Yu P., You Q, Lowe R.L., Williams D.M., Wang Q. & Kociolek J.P. 2018. A new species of Tabularia (Kützing) Williams & Round from Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China, with a cladistic analysis of the genus and their relatives. Phytotaxa 373: 169–183. doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.3.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter J.R. & Denny P. 1987. Freshwater algae of Sierra Leone. IV. Bacillariophyceae: part (ii) diatoms from the coastal region of the southern province. Nova Hedwigia 44: 229–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter J.R. & Denny P. 1992. Freshwater algae of Sierra-Leone. 4. Bacillariophyceae - part (iii) diatoms from the Lake Sonfon region and from Lake Popei. Nova Hedwigia 54: 159–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase H.H. 1885. Habirshaw’s Catalogue of the Diatomaceae. 3rd edn. Geneva, New York. 343 + 11 (A-K) pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cleve P.T. & Grunow A. 1880. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Arctischen Diatomeen. Kongliga Svenska-Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 17: [1]–121, 7pls.
   Google Scholar
• Coca J.J.P., Chang Y.-T., Lai S.-Y., Wang W.-L. & Wang M.-Y. 2017. Artificial culture conditions induce irreversible deformations in Hyalosynedra toxoneides. Nova Hedwigia 104: 499–519. doi: https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocquyt C., Ndjombo E. L., Tsamemba S.T., Nshimba Seya wa Malale H. 2019. Freshwater diatoms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a historical overview of the research and publications. PhytoKeys 136: 107–125. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.136.47386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compère P. 2001. Ulnaria (Kützing) Compère, a new genus name for Fragilaria subgen. Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot with comments on the typification of Synedra Ehrenberg. In: (Eds. R. Jahn, J.P. Kociolek, A. Witkowski, & P. Compère). Lange-Bertalot-Festschrift: studies on diatoms. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Horst Lange-Bertalot on the occasion of his 65th Birthday. Ruggell [Germany]: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag. K.G., 97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, E.J. 2015. Coscinodiscophyceae, Mediophyceae, Fragilariophyceae, Bacillariophyceae (diatoms). In: W. Frey, ed. Syllabus of plant families. Adolf Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 13th Ed. Photoautotrophic eukaryotic algae Glaucocystophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta/Dinozoa, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta, Chlorarachniophyta/Cercozoa, Euglenophyta/Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Streptophyta p.p. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers, 64–103.
   Google Scholar
• De Toni, G.B. 1892. Sylloge algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vol. II. Bacillarieae; sectio II. Pseudoraphideae. Typis Seminarrii, Patavii, pp. 491–817.
   Google Scholar
• Ebach M.C. & Williams D.M. 2010. Aphyly: a systematic designation for a taxonomic problem. Evolutionary Biology 37: 123–127. doi:10.1007/s11692-010-9084-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg C.G. 1830. Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältniss der Infusionsthierchen. Zwei Vorträge. Berlin, Druckerei der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 108 pp. [see Oken’s Isis 1832: 197–211].
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg C.G. 1832. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1830: 1–88.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg C.G. 1834. Synonyme zu Bory de St. Vincent’s Infusorien. Oken’s Isis 1834: 1181–1219.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg C.G. 1854. Mikrogeologie. Einundvierzig Tafeln mit über viertausend grossentheils colorirten Figuren, Gezeichnet vom Verfasser. Atlas: Leopold Voss, Leipzig. 40 pls.
   Google Scholar
• Evenhuis, N. 2003. Dating and publication of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (1782– 1832), with special reference to the parts of the Histoire Naturelle and details on the Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Zootaxa 166: 1, 1–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.166.1.1.
   Google Scholar
• Farr, E.R., Leussink, J.A. & Stafleu, F.A. 1979. Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Vol. 102. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema.
   Google Scholar
• Farr E.R. & Zijlstra G. (eds.) 1996  + . Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). http://botany.si.edu/ing/ (27th May 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Fourtanier, E. & Kociolek, J.P. 2011. Catalogue of Diatom Names On-line Version, http://research.calacademy.org/research/diatoms/names/index.asp, California Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• GBIF Secretariat, 2019. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist datasets https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei, accessed via GBIF.org on 2020-05-15.
   Google Scholar
• Grunow A. 1862. Die österreichischen Diatomaceen nebst Anschluss einiger neuen Arten von andern Lokalitäten und einer kritischen Uebersicht der bisher bekannten Gattungen und Arten. Erste Folge. Epithemieae, Meridioneae, Diatomeae, Entopyleae, Surirelleae, Amphipleureae. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 315–472.
   Google Scholar
• Guiry M.D. & Guiry G.M. 2020. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 27 May 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Guiry M.D., Vigneshwaran A. & Karthick B. 2020. Validation and replacement of some diatom names published by H.P. Gandhi. Notulae Algarum 133: 1–9 (10th April 2020 ).
   Google Scholar
• Habirshaw F. 1877. Catalogue of the Diatomaceae with reference to the various published descriptions and figures. New York: Author (Reproduced by the Edison Electric pen process), 272 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. & Syvertsen, E.E. 1996. Marine diatoms. In: C.R Tomas, ed. Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. San Diego, London: Academic Press, Inc, 5–385.
   Google Scholar
• Hendey N.I. 1937. The plankton diatoms of the Southern Seas. Discovery Reports 16: 151–364.
   Google Scholar
• Hirota M. & Ohtsuka T. 2009. Epilithic diatoms of Sendai River, Tottori Prefecture. Japan. Diatom, 25, 52–72.
   Google Scholar
• Jüttner I., Cox E.J. & Ormerod S.J. 2000. New or poorly known diatoms from Himalayan streams. Diatom Research 15: 237–262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2000.9705498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten G. 1905. Das Phytoplankton des Antarktischen Meeres nach dem material der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898–1899. Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898–1899 2 (2): 1–136.
   Google Scholar
• Kato Y. & Suto I. 2018. Thalassionema bifurcum sp. nov., a new stratigraphically important diatom from Pliocene subantarctic sediments. Diatom Research 33: 499–508. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2019.1572650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayasi H., Idei M., Kobori S. & Tanaka H. 1987. Observations on the two rheophilic species of the genus Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): S. inaequalis H. Kob. and S. lanceolata Kütz. Diatom 3: 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayasi H., Idei M., Mayama S., Nagumo T. & Osada K. 2006. H. Kobayasi’s Atlas of Japanese diatoms based on electron microscopy. volume 1. Uchida Rokakuko Publishing Co., Tokyo 533 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kufferath H. 1956. Organismes trouvés dans les carottes de sondages et les vases prélevées au fond du Lac Tanganika. exploration hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika (1946–1947). Résultats Scientifiques 4: 74 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kützing F.T. 1844. Die Kieselschaligen. Bacillarien oder Diatomeen. Nordhausen, 152 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lange-Bertalot H. 1980 [1981]. Zur systematischen Bewertung der bandförmigen Kolonien bei Navicula und Fragilaria. Kriterien für die Vereinigung von Synedra (subgen. Synedra) Ehrenberg mit Fragilaria Lyngbye. Nova Hedwigia 33: 723–787.
   Google Scholar
• Lange-Bertalot H. & Ulrich S. 2014. Contributions to the taxonomy of needle-shaped Fragilaria and Ulnaria species. Lauterbornia 78: 1–73.
   Google Scholar
• Li C.L., Ashworth M.P., Witkowski A., Dąbek P., Medlin L.K., Kooistra W.H.C.F., Sato S., Zgłobicka I., Kurzydłowski K.J., Theriot E.C., Sabir J.S.M., Khiyami M.A., Mutwakil M.H.Z., Sabir M.J., Alharbi N.S., Hajarah, N.H., Qing S. & Jansen R.K. 2015. New insights into Plagiogrammaceae (Bacillariophyta) based on multigene phylogenies and morphological characteristics with the description of a new genus and three new species. PLoS ONE 10 (10): 1–24, e0139300. pmid:26465289. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medlin L. & Desdevises Y. 2016. Phylogeny of ‘araphid’ diatoms inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA, rbcL and psbA sequences. Vie et Milieu, Life and Environment 66: 129–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medlin L., Yang I. & Sato S. 2012. Evolution of the diatoms. VII. four gene phylogeny assesses the validity of selected araphid genera. Beiheft Nova Hedwigia 141: 505–514.
   Google Scholar
• Meister F. 1913. Beiträge zur Bacillariaceenflora Japan. Archiv für Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde 8: 305–312.
   Google Scholar
• Mikhailov V.I. 1986. [Synedra koganii (Bacillariophyta) – a new species of diatom algae from the Turkmenia reservoirs]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 71 (10): 1398–1399.
   Google Scholar
• Mills F.W. 1934. An index to the genera and species of the Diatomaceae and their synonyms. 1816–1932. part 12 (He-Me). London: Wheldon & Wesley, Limited. pp. 841–920.
   Google Scholar
• Moench C. 1794. Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis:a staminum situ describendi. in officina nova libraria academiae, Marburgi Cattorum.
   Google Scholar
• Morales E.A., Wetzel C.A., Van de Vijver B. & Ector L. 2015. Morphological studies on type material of widely cited araphid diatoms (Bacillariophyta). Phycologia 54:455–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.2216/15-21.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales E.A., Wetzel C.A., Novais M.H., Buczkó K., Morais M.M. & Ector L. 2019. Morphological reconsideration of the araphid genus Pseudostaurosira (Bacillariophyceae), a revision of Gedaniella, Popovskayella and Serratifera, and a description of a new Nanofrustulum species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 152: 262–284. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida C., Kijima K., Sakai M., Kawakami M. & Amada K. 2016. Morphology of Tabularia tabulata from the Hakata River, Fukuoka Prefecture, western Japan and an identification Key to Tabularia species (Fragilariaceae). Journal of Japanese Botany 91: 325–330.
   Google Scholar
• Pantocsek J. 1889. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns. Teil II. Brackwasser Bacillarien. Anhang: Analyse de marine Depots von Bory, Bremia, Nagy-Kurtos in Ungarn; Ananio und Kusnetzk in Russland. Nagy-Tapolcsány, Buchdrucherei von Julius Platzko, 123 pp., 30 pls.
   Google Scholar
• Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168: 335–557.
   Google Scholar
• Peeters, V. & Ector L. 2017. Atlas des diatomées des cours d’eau du territoire bourguignon. Volume 1: Centriques, Araphidées. pp. [1]–309. Direction Bourgogne Régionale de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
   Google Scholar
• Peragallo M. 1897. Le Catalogue Général des Diatomées. Paris: Clermont-Ferrand.
   Google Scholar
• Poulin M., Bérard-Therriault, L. & Cardinal, A. 1984. Les diatomées (Bacillariophyta) benthiques de substrats durs des eaux marines et saumâtres du Québec. 3. Fragilarioideae (Fragilariales, Fragilariaceae). Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 349–367.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad A.K.S.K., Nienow J.A. & Riddle K.A. 2001. Fine structure, taxonomy and systematics of Reimerothrix (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta), a new genus of synedroid diatoms from Florida Bay, USA. Phycologia 40: 35–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-40-1-35.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid F.M.H. & Round F.E. 1987. The Antarctic diatom Synedra reinboldii: taxonomy, ecology and transference to a new genus, Trichotoxon. Diatom Research 2: 219–227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1987.9705000
   Google Scholar
• Round F.E., Crawford R.M. & Mann D.G. 1990. The diatoms biology and morphology of the genera. pp. [i–ix], 1–747. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Sabir J.S.M., Theriot E.C, Lobban C.S., Alhebshi A.M., Al-Malk A.L., Hajrah N.H., Khiyami M.A., Obaid A.Y., Jansen R.K. & Ashworth M.A 2018. Systematics of araphid diatoms with asymmetric rimoportulae or densely packed virgae, with particular attention to Hyalosynedra (Ulnariaceae, Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa, 347: 1–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.347.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigovini M., Keppel E. & Tagliapietra D. 2016. Open nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7, 1217–1225. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W. 1853. Synopsis of British Diatomaceae. John Van Voorst, London, volume 1, 89 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Snoeijs P.J.M. 1992. Studies in the Tabularia fasciculata complex. Diatom Research 7, 313–344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1992.9705223
   Google Scholar
• Snoeijs P.J.M., Hällfors G. & Leskinen, E. 1991. Taxonomy and ecology of Catacombas obtusa comb. nov. Diatom Research 6, 155–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705154
   Google Scholar
• Sokolova I.V. & Gogorev R.M. 2018. Cryptogamic nomenclatural notes. 2. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh i Nizshikh Rastenii 52: 205–208. doi: https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2018.52.1.205
   Google Scholar
• Sovereign H.E. 1958. The diatoms of Crater Lake, Oregon. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 77: 96–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3224112
   Google Scholar
• Tanimura Y. 1992. Seasonal changes in flux and species composition of diatoms: sediment trap results from the northwest Pacific, August 1986-November 1988. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C (Geology & Paleontology), Tokyo 18: 121–154.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor F.J.R. 1967. Phytoplankton of the southwestern Indian Ocean. Nova Hedwigia 12: 433–476.
   Google Scholar
• Tuji, A. 2009. The transfer of two Japanese Synedra species (Bacillariophyceae) to the genus Ulnaria. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series B (Botany), Tokyo 35: 11–16.
   Google Scholar
• Tuji A. & Williams D.M. 2007. Type examination of Japanese diatoms described by Friedrich Meister (1913) from Lake Suwa. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series B (Botany), Tokyo 33: 69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Turland N.J. Wiersema J. H., Barrie F. R., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Kusber W.-H., Li D.-Z., Marhold K., May T. W., McNeill J., Monro A. M., Prado J., Price M. J. & Smith G. F. 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten, Koeltz Botanical Books. DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018.
   Google Scholar
• Tynni R. 1994. Observations on the recent diatom flora of lakes, rivers and the Baltic Sea, southern Finland. University of Turku, Publications of the Department of Quaternary Geology 80, 51 pp., 29 pls.
   Google Scholar
• VanLandingham S.L. 1971. Catalogue of the fossil and recent genera and species of diatoms and their synonyms. part IV. Fragilaria through Naunema. J. Cramer xi–xiv: 1757–2385.
   Google Scholar
• Vigneshwarani A., Wetzel C.E., Williams D.M. & Karthick B. 2020. A re-description of Fragilaria fonticola Hustedt and its varieties, with three new combinations and one new species from India. Phytotaxa 453: 179–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts G.B. 1958. The Encyclopédie méthodique. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 73: 348–366. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/460254
   Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. 1986. Comparative morphology of some species of Synedra with a new definition of the genus. Diatom Research 1: 131–152. DOI:10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704963.
   Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. & Cavitatus D.M.W. 1989. Nov. gen.: A new genus of fossil diatom (Bacillariophyta) based on Synedra jouseana Sheshukova-Poretskaya. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 58: 357–362. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(89)90092-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. 1990. Cladistic analysis of some freshwater araphid diatoms with particular reference to Diatoma and Meridion. Plant Systematics and Evolution 171: 89–97. doi:10.1007/BF00940597 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00940597#page-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. 2011. Synedra, Ulnaria: definitions and descriptions – a partial resolution. Diatom Research 26: 149–153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2011.587646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. 2020a. Studies on type material from Kützing’s diatom collection I: Synedra vitrea Kützing, with comments on Ulnaria fragilariaeformis (F.E. Fritsch and M.F. Rich) D.M. Williams, nov. stat. et nov. comb. and Ulnaria undulata (Rabenhorst) D.M. Williams, nov. stat. et nov. comb. Botany Letters 167: 70–85. doi: 10.1080/23818107.2019.1683067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. 2020b. Diatom classifications: What purpose do they serve? In: Modern Trends in Diatom Identification. Fundamentals and Applications (Cristóbal, G., Blanco, S., & Bueno, G., eds), Springer, pp. 11–24. (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030392116).
   Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. & Blanco S. 2019. Studies on type material from Kützing’s diatom collection II: Synedra acus Kützing, Synedra arcus kützing, their morphology, types and nomenclature. Diatom Research 34: 237–250. DOI: 10.1080/0269249X.2020.1711534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. & Ebach M.C. 2017 [2018]. Aphyly: identifying the flotsam and jetsam of systematics. Cladistics 34: 459–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. & Ebach M.C., 2020. Cladistics: A guide to Biological classification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Williams D.M. & Round F.E. 1986 [1987]. Revision of the genus Synedra Ehrenb. Diatom Research 1: 313–339. DOI:10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704976.
   Google Scholar