415
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Vacant Shops in a Crisis Period – A Morphological Analysis in Portuguese Medium-Sized Cities

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Alexander, A., Benson, J., & Shaw, G. (1999) Action and reaction: Competition and the multiple retailer in 1930s Britain, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9, pp. 245–259. doi:10.1080/095939699342543
  • Anderson, R., Dubois, H., Leončikas, T., & Sándor, E. (2012) 3rd European Quality of Life Survey (Quality of Life in Europe: Impacts of the Crisis). Luxembourg. doi:10.2806/42471.
  • Axenov, K., Bondarchuk, E., & Brade, I. (1997) The new retail trade and services and their emerging location pattern in St. Petersburg, GeoJournal, 42, pp. 403–417. doi:10.1023/A:1006818217194
  • Baker, R. G. V. (2002) The impact of the deregulation of retail hours on shopping trip patterns in a mall hierarchy: An application of the RASTT model to the Sydney Project (1980–1998) and the global vacant shop problem, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 9, pp. 155–171. doi:10.1016/S0969-6989(01)00032-7
  • Baker, R. G. V., & Wood, S. (2010) Towards robust development of retail planning policy: Maintaining the viability and vitality of main street shopping precincts, Geographical Research, 48, pp. 65–74. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00622.x
  • Balsas, C. J. L. (2001) Commerce and the European city center: Modernization, regeneration and management, European Planning Studies, 9, pp. 677–682. doi:10.1080/09654310120057377
  • Balsas, C. J. L. (2014) Downtown resilience: A review of recent (re)developments in Tempe, Arizona, Cities, 36, pp. 158–169. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.002
  • Barata-Salgueiro, T., & Erkip, F. (2014) Retail planning and urban resilience – An introduction to the special issue, Cities, 36, pp. 107–111. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.01.007
  • Barke, M. (1998) Retail modernisation and morphological change: Central Malaga, Spain, Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 89, pp. 161–177. doi:10.1111/tesg.1998.89.issue-2
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2011) The crisis, policy reactions and attitudes to globalization and jobs, IZA Discussion Paper. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1835320.
  • Bento, R., Alves, R., Vale, D., & Rosa, M. (2015) InLUT: Usos do solo e mobilidade – Resultados, in: International Seminar InLUT – Integration of Land Use and Transport in Medium-sized cities, June, Lisbon.
  • Beyard, M. (2009) The retail bubble, Urban Land, 68, pp. 30.
  • Bolton, T., & Vaughan, L. S. (2014) The Past, Present and Futures of the High Street: Report on the Closing Conference of the Adaptable Suburbs project, The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, UCL (University College London).
  • Booth, R. (2009) Artists’ creative use of vacant shops brings life to desolate high streets, The Guardian, online 18.
  • Borchert, J. (1998) Spatial dynamics of retail structure and the venerable retail hierarchy, GeoJournal, 45, pp. 327–336. doi:10.1023/A:1006976407047
  • Bosco, A., & Verney, S. (2012) Electoral Epidemic: The Political Cost of Economic Crisis in Southern Europe, 2010–11, South European Society and Politics, 17, pp. 129–154. doi:10.1080/13608746.2012.747272
  • Brázio, A. (2013) Vende-se. Lisboa (GHOST Editions).
  • Brown, G. (1999) Design and Value: Spatial Form and the Economic Failure of a Mall, Journal of Real Estate Research, 17, pp. 189–225.
  • Brunetta, G., & Caldarice, O. (2014) Self-organisation and retail-led regeneration: A new territorial governance within the Italian context, Local Economy, 29, pp. 334–344. doi:10.1177/0269094214535555
  • Burns, E., & Willis, E. (2011) Empty shops in Australian regional towns as an index of rural wellbeing, Rural Society, 21, pp. 21–31. doi:10.5172/rsj.2011.21.1.21
  • Cachinho, H. (1994) O comércio a retalho na cidade de Lisboa: Reestruturação económica e dinâmicas territoriais, Finisterra: Revista portuguesa de geografia, 29, pp. 119–144.
  • Cachinho, H. (2006) Consumactor: Da condição do indivíduo na cidade pós-moderna, Finisterra: Revista portuguesa de geografia, 41, pp. 33–56.
  • Cachinho, H. (2014) Consumers capes and the resilience assessment of urban retail systems, Cities, 36, pp. 131–144. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.005
  • Cairns, D., Growiec, K., & de Almeida Alves, N. (2014) Another ‘Missing Middle’? The marginalised majority of tertiary-educated youth in Portugal during the economic crisis, Journal of Youth Studies, 17, pp. 1046–1060. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.878789
  • Cannigia, G., & Maffei, G. (1993) Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia; Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Venice: Marsilio Editori).
  • Carballo-Cruz, F. (2011) Causes and consequences of the Spanish economic crisis: Why the recovery is taken so long?, Panoeconomicus, 58, pp. 309–328. doi:10.2298/PAN1103309C
  • Carneiro, A., Portugal, P., & Varejão, J. (2014) Catastrophic job Destruction during the Portuguese Economic Crisis, Journal of Macroeconomics, 39, pp. 444–457. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.09.018
  • Cecodhas. (2012) Impact of the crisis and austerity measures on social housing sector, Housing Europe’s Observatory Research briefing. Available at http://www.housingeurope.eu/publication/research-briefings:EuropeanSocialHousingObservatory.
  • Christian, H., Bull, F., Middleton, N., Knuiman, M., Divitini, M., Hooper, P., & Giles-Corti, B. (2011) How important is the land use mix measure in understanding walking behaviour? Results from the RESIDE study, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-106
  • Clayton, N., & Morris, K. (2010) Recession, Recovery and Medium-Sized Cities (London: Work Foundation).
  • Coca-Stefaniak, A., Hallsworth, A. G., Parker, C., Bainbridge, S., & Yuste, R. (2005) Decline in the British small shop independent retail sector: Exploring European parallels, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12, pp. 357–371. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2004.11.007
  • Colin, J. (2010) The rise and fall of the high street shop as an investment class, Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 28, pp. 275–284. doi:10.1108/14635781011058884
  • Cowling, M., Liu, W., & Ledger, A. (2012) Small business financing in the UK before and during the current financial crisis, International Small Business Journal, 30, pp. 778–800. doi:10.1177/0266242611435516
  • Cushman & Wakefield. (2006) Portugal Marketbeat Fall 2006.
  • Cushman & Wakefield. (2009) Shopping Centre Development Report Europe, Marketbeat, a Cushman & Wakefield Research Publication.
  • Dellepiane Avellaneda, S., & Hardiman, N. (2010) The European context of Ireland’s economic crisis, Economic & Social Review, 41, pp. 473–500.
  • Dijkstra, L., Garcilazo, E., & Mccann, P. (2015) The effects of the global financial crisis on European regions and cities, Journal of Economic Geography, 15, pp. 935–949. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbv032
  • Dixon, P. M. (2014) Ripley’s K Function, Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
  • Dobson, J. (2016) Rethinking town centre economies: Beyond the ‘place or people’ binary, Local Economy, 31, pp. 335–343. doi:10.1177/0269094216640472
  • Domingues, Á. (2006) Cidade e democracia: 30 anos de transformação urbana em Portugal (Lisboa: Edição Argumentum).
  • Edmund, O. C., & Don, O. R. (2003) Retailing at the periphery: An analysis of Dublin’s tertiary city centre shopping streets (1972‐2002), International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31, pp. 389–400. doi:10.1108/09590550310484061
  • Eichengreen, B., Jung, N., Moch, S., & Mody, A. (2014) The Eurozone Crisis: Phoenix Miracle or Lost Decade?, Journal of Macroeconomics, 39(Part B), pp. 288–308. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.08.005
  • Emery, J. (2006) Bullring: A case study of retail-led urban renewal and its contribution to city centre regeneration, Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 5, pp. 121–133. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rlp.5100020
  • Erkip, F., Kizilgün, Ö., & Akinci, G. M. (2014) Retailers’ resilience strategies and their impacts on urban spaces in Turkey, Cities, 36, pp. 112–120. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.12.003
  • EU. (2016) Urban Europe - Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs, in: M. Kotzeva (Ed) General and Regional Statistics (Luxemburg: Collection: Statistical books). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7596823/KS-01-16-691-EN-N.pdf/0abf140c-ccc7-4a7f-b236-682effcde10f:Eurostat, p. 286
  • Expresso. (2014) Duas mil lojas fechadas em 2013, Expresso Newspaper, September 4.
  • Fernandes, J. (2009) Retail policies and planning: The case of Portugal. REPLACIS Malmo Meeting Paper.
  • Fernandes, J., Cachino, H., & Ribeiro, C. (2000) Comércio Tradicional em Contexto Urbano – Dinâmicas de Modernização e Políticas Públicas – Relatório Final, in: GABINETE DE ESTUDOS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO (Ed) (Porto: Faculty of Letters of the University of Porto & Observatório do Comércio).
  • Fernandes, J., & Chamusca, P. (2014) Urban policies, planning and retail resilience, Cities, 36, pp. 170–177. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.11.006
  • Ferrão, J. (1995) Cidades Médias: Superar a tirania da dimensão, in: COMISSÃO DE COORDENAÇÃO REGIONAL DO CENTRO (Ed), As cidades médias e o ordenamento do território (Coimbra), pp. 11–17.
  • Ferreri, M. (2015) The seductions of temporary urbanism, Ephemera, 15, pp. 181.
  • Filbeck, G., Louie, K., & Zhao, X. (2013) THE IMPACT OF THE EURO CRISIS ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN FIRMS, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 19, pp. 173–187. doi:10.1002/ijfe.1473
  • Findlay, A., & Sparks, L. (2009) Literature Review: Policies Adopted to Support a Healthy Retail Sector and Retail Led Regeneration and the Impact of Retail on the Regeneration of Town Centres and Local High Streets (Edinburgh: The Scottish Government).
  • Frazer, H., & Marlier, E. (2011) Social impact of the crisis and developments in the light of fiscal consolidation measures. Social Inclusion Policy and Practice CEPS/INSTEAD. European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
  • GECIC. (2005) Avaliação dos Impactos dos Centros Comerciais na Cidade de Leiria – Relatório Final, in: FACULDADE DE LETRAS UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA (Ed) (Lisbon).
  • Gospodini, A. (2012) Economic crisis and the shrinking Greek cities, in: 1st International Conference on Architecture & Urban Design, Tirana, Albania, EPOKA University.
  • Grant, J., & Perrott, K. (2011) Where Is the Cafe? The Challenge of Making Retail Uses Viable in Mixed-use Suburban Developments, Urban Studies, 48, pp. 177–195.
  • Griffiths, S., Dhanani, A., Ellul, C., Haklay, M., Jeevendrampillai, D., Nikolova, N., Rickles, P., & Vaughan, L. (2013) Using space syntax and historical land-use data to interrogate narratives of high street ‘decline’in two Greater London suburbs. Proceedings from the Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium, South Korea, Sejong University.
  • Haase, A., Rink, D., Grossmann, K., Bernt, M., & Mykhnenko, V. (2014) Conceptualizing urban shrinkage, Environment and Planning A, 46, pp. 1519–1534. doi:10.1068/a46269
  • Hart, C., Farrell, A. M., Stachow, G., Reed, G., & Cadogan, J. W. (2007) Enjoyment of the Shopping Experience: Impact on Customers’ Repatronage Intentions and Gender Influence, The Service Industries Journal, 27, pp. 583–604. doi:10.1080/02642060701411757
  • Hart, P. M., & Dale, R. (2014) With or without you: The positive and negative influence of retail companions, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21, pp. 780–787. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.06.004
  • Haugen, K. (2011) The Advantage of ‘Near’: Which Accessibilities Matter to Whom?, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 11, pp. 368–388.
  • Herbane, B. (2010) Small business research: Time for a crisis-based view, International Small Business Journal, 28, pp. 43–64. doi:10.1177/0266242609350804
  • Hickman, P. (2013) “Third places” and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 28, pp. 221–236. doi:10.1007/s10901-012-9306-5
  • Hillier, B., & Iida, S. (2005) Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement, in: A. Cohn & D. Mark (Eds), Spatial Information Theory, pp. 475–490 (Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer).
  • Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993) Natural movement: Or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20, pp. 29–66. doi:10.1068/b200029
  • Hillier, B., & Vaughan, L. (2007) The city as one thing, Progress in Planning, 67, pp. 205–230.
  • Hossain, N. (1999) A syntactic approach to the analysis of spatial patterns in spontaneous retail development in Dhaka, in: A. Penn (Ed), Proceedings of the 2nd Space Syntax Symposium, pp. 30–31 Space Syntax Network (Brasilia).
  • Indymedia. (2014) Todos os dias fecham seis lojas no Porto [Online]. Available at http://pt.indymedia.org/conteudo/newswire/28785 (accessed November 2016).
  • INE. (2001) Censos 2001. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Available at www.ine.pt.
  • INE. (2004) Estatísticas das Empresas, Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Available at www.ine.pt.
  • INE. (2011a) Censos 2011, Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Available at www.ine.pt.
  • INE. (2011b) Estatísticas do Comércio 2009. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística.
  • Jansenberger, E. M., & Staufer-Steinnocher, P. (2004) Dual kernel density estimation as a method for describing spatio-temporal changes in the upper Austrian food retailing market. 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, pp. 551–558. Heraklion, Crete.
  • Jingnan, Z. (2009) Study on the Spatial Structure of Large Scale Retail Stores Based on Space Syntax: Case Study in Wuham, Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation.
  • Joosten, V., & Van Nes, A. (2005) How block typology influences the natural movement economic process – Micro spatial conditions on the dispersal of shops and cafés in Berlin. Delft University of Technology (MSc & paper).
  • Karaman, A. (2001) Defining the regional identity: Conceptual parameter of urban morphology, NED Architecture and Planning Journal, 1, pp. 70–88.
  • Katyoka, M., & Wyatt, P. (2008) An investigation of the nature of vacant commercial and industrial property, Planning, Practice & Research, 23, pp. 125–145. doi:10.1080/02697450802076704
  • Kompil, M., & Celik, H. M. (2006) Modeling the spatial consequences of retail structure change of Izmir-Turkey: A quasi empirical application of spatial interaction model, in: The International Conference on Regional and Urban Modelling, EcoMod, June 1–2, Free Belgium, University of Brussels.
  • Kunzmann, K. R. (2010) Medium-sized towns, strategic planning and creative governance, in: M. Cerreta, G. Concilio, V. Monno (Eds) Making Strategies in Spatial Planning, pp. 483 (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer).
  • Latour, B. (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford, UK: Oxford university press).
  • Lowe, M. (2005) The regional shopping centre in the inner city: A study of retail-led urban regeneration, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 449–470. doi:10.1080/00420980500035139
  • Manaugh, K., & Kreider, T. (2013) What is mixed use? Presenting an interaction method for measuring land use mix, The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 6, pp. 63–72. doi:10.5198/jtlu.v6i1
  • Markovits, Y., Boer, D., & van Dick, R. (2014) Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation, European Management Journal, 32, pp. 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2013.09.005
  • Marques Da Costa, E. (2002) Cidades Médias: Contributos para a sua definição, Finisterra, XXXVII, pp. 101–128.
  • Marques, T. (2003) Retratos territoriais: Portugal na transição do século (XX/XXI), PhD Thesis, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto.
  • Marques, T., Saraiva, M., & Maia, C. (2018a) Challenges of polycentric urban systems in the new planning cycle: The case of Portugal, Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais. (In Press).
  • Marques, T. S., Saraiva, M., Santinha, G., & Guerra, P. (2018b) Re‐Thinking Territorial Cohesion in the European Planning Context, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42, pp. 547–572. doi:10.1111/ijur.2018.42.issue-4
  • Matos, F. L. D. (2012) Recent dynamics in the Portuguese housing market as compared with the European Union, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series 18, pp. 69–84.
  • McConville, M., Rodríguez, D., Clifton, K., Cho, G., & Fleischhacker, S. (2011) Disaggregate Land Uses and Walking, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, pp. 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.023
  • Melo, M., Gouveia, M., & Duarte, T. (2001) Comércio e Distribuição: Os centros comerciais no horizonte 2010 (Lisbon: GEPE - Gabinete de Estudos e Prospectiva Económica do Ministério da Economia).
  • Mendes, A. B., & Themido, I. H. (2004) Multi-outlet retail site location assessment, International Transactions in Operational Research, 11, pp. 1–18. doi:10.1111/itor.2004.11.issue-1
  • Méndez, R., Abad, L. D., & Echaves, C. (2015) Atlas de La Crisis – Impactos socioeconómicos y territórios vulnerables en España (Valencia: Tirant Humanidades).
  • Michou, M. (2013) Athens streetside arcades: Silent gestures of minor occupation, Urbanistica, 1, pp. 29–36.
  • Morandi, C. (2011) Retail and public policies supporting the attractiveness of Italian town centres: The case of the Milan central districts, Urban Design International, 16, pp. 227–237. doi:10.1057/udi.2010.27
  • Moudon, A. V. (1997) Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field, Urban Morphology, 1, pp. 3–10.
  • Murphy, E., & Scott, M. (2014) Household vulnerability in rural areas: Results of an index applied during a housing crash, economic crisis and under austerity conditions, Geoforum, 51, pp. 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.10.001
  • Musso, F. (2011) Small retailing, town centres and inland territories. An’extended Town centre management’perspective. Public Administration & Regional Studies, 3rd Year, p. 6.
  • Myers, D., & Wyatt, P. (2004) Rethinking urban capacity: Identifying and appraising vacant buildings, Building Research & Information, 32, pp. 285–292. doi:10.1080/0961321042000221061
  • Nielsen. (2005) First Convention of Independent Traditional Commerce (Portugal: MAKRO).
  • O’Mahony, E., & Rigney, S. (2016) “What’s the story Buddleia?”: A public geography of dereliction in Dublin City, Irish Geography, 48, pp. 88–99.
  • ODC. (1999) Comércio e Comércios – Portugal e Europa, Observatory of Commerce. Available at http://www.dgae.min-economia.pt/.
  • ODC. (2001) O empreendedorismo no comércio, Observatory of Commerce. Available at http://www.dgae.min-economia.pt/.
  • Pecoraro, M., & Uusitalo, O. (2014) Exploring the everyday retail experience: The discourses of style and design, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13, pp. 429–441. doi:10.1002/cb.v13.6
  • Peston, L., & Ennew, C. T. (1998) Neighbourhood shopping in the millennium, University of Nottingham Business School Discussion Paper 1998, XII, October.
  • Pickering, J. F., Greene, F. J., & Cockerill, T. A. J. (1998) The Future of the Neighbourhood Store (Durham: Durham University Business School).
  • Pine, B., & Gilmore, J. (1999) The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre and Every Business a Stage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press).
  • Porta, S., Latora, V., Wang, F., Rueda, S., Strano, E., Scellato, S., Cardillo, A., Belli, E., Càrdenas, F., Cormenzana, B., & Latora, L. (2011) Street Centrality and the Location of Economic Activities in Barcelona, Urban Studies, 49, pp. 1471–1488. doi:10.1177/0042098011422570
  • Porta, S., Strano, E., Iacoviello, V., Messora, R., Latora, V., Cardillo, A., Wang, F. H., & Scellato, S. (2009) Street centrality and densities of retail and services in Bologna, Italy, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36, pp. 450–465. doi:10.1068/b34098
  • Procopiuck, M., & Djalo, A. B. (2008) Comércio como Fator de Coesão dos Centros Urbanos: Caso da revitalização comercial do centro de Curitiba, Turismo-Visão e Ação, 10, pp. 313–334.
  • Rabbanee, F. K., Ramaseshan, B., Wu, C., & Vinden, A. (2012) Effects of store loyalty on shopping mall loyalty, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19, pp. 271–278. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2012.02.001
  • Reimers, V., & Clulow, V. (2004) Retail concentration: A comparison of spatial convenience in shopping strips and shopping centres, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11, pp. 207–221. doi:10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00038-9
  • Reis, R. (2015) Looking for a success in the euro crisis adjustment programs: The case of Portugal, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2015, pp. 433–458. doi:10.1353/eca.2015.0010
  • Reynolds, J. (2005) Retail location analysis: An annotated bibliography, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 13, pp. 258–266. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740152
  • Roig-Tierno, N., Baviera-Puig, A., Buitrago-Vera, J., & Mas-Verdu, F. (2013) The retail site location decision process using GIS and the analytical hierarchy process, Applied Geography, 40, pp. 191–198. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.03.005
  • Rosenberg, L. (2011) Art in Vacant Storefronts: A New Arena for Creative Research and Development, Master of Arts, Department of Arts Administration and Policy; The School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
  • Saraiva, M. (2013) The morphological sense of commerce: Symbioses between commercial activity and the form and structure of Portuguese medium-sized cities, PhD in Civil Engineering, Planning of Environment and Territory, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto.
  • Saraiva, M., & Pinho, P. (2017) Spatial modelling of commercial spaces in medium-sized cities, GeoJournal, 82, pp. 433–454. doi:10.1007/s10708-015-9694-7
  • Saraiva, M., Roebeling, P., Sousa, S., Teotónio, C., Palla, A., & Gnecco, I. (2016) Dimensions of shrinkage: Evaluating the socio-economic consequences of population decline in two medium-sized cities in Europe, using the SULD decision support tool, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44, pp. 1122–1144.
  • Sarma, A. (2006) The social logic of shopping – A syntactic approach to the analysis of spatial and positional trends of community centre markets in New Delhi, MSc Built Environment: Advanced Architectural Studies, University College London, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies.
  • Seixas, J. (2013) A cidade na encruzilhada: Repensar a cidade ea sua política Porto. (Edições Afrontamento).
  • Smith, D. (2007) Polycentricity and Sustainable Development: a Real Estate Approach to Analyzing Urban Form and Function in Greater London, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London, UK Economic and Social Research Council.
  • Sousa, S., & Pinho, P. (2013) Planning for shrinkage: Paradox or paradigm, European Planning Studies, 23, pp. 12–32. doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.820082
  • Summers, L., & Johnson, S. D. (2016) Does the configuration of the street network influence where outdoor serious violence takes place? Using space syntax to test crime pattern theory, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(2), pp. 1–24.
  • Taneja, S. (1999) Technology moves in, Chain Store Age, 75, pp. 136–138.
  • Teklenburg, J. A. F., Borgers, A. W. J., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (1994) Space syntax as a design support system: Evaluating alternative layouts for shopping centres, in: Banking on design? Proceedings of the twenty-fifth Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Texas, pp. 220–228.
  • Teller, C. (2008) Shopping streets versus shopping malls – Determinants of agglomeration format attractiveness from the consumers’ point of view, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18, pp. 381–403. doi:10.1080/09593960802299452
  • Torres, F. (2009) Back to external pressure: Policy responses to the financial crisis in Portugal, South European Society and Politics, 14, pp. 55–70. doi:10.1080/13608740902995851
  • Van Nes, A. (2001) Road building and urban change: A morphological and configurative explanation of how ring roads change the pattern of distribution of shops in city and town centres, in: J. W. J. Peponis & S. Bafna (Eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Space Syntax, Atlanta, USA, Georgia Institute of Technology.
  • Van Nes, A. (2005) Typology of shopping areas in Amsterdam, in: E. A. V. Nes (ed), Proceedings Space Syntax. 5th International Symposium, TU Delft, Amsterdam, Techne Press.
  • Vaughan, R., & Valerie, C. (2009) Retail centres: It’s time to make them convenient, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37, pp. 541–562. doi:10.1108/09590550910964594
  • Villain, J. 2011. The impact of urban form on the spatial distribution of commercial activities in Montréal. M.SC thesis.
  • Wang, F., Chen, C., Xiu, C., & Zhang, P. (2014) Location analysis of retail stores in Changchun, China: A street centrality perspective, Cities, 41, pp. 54–63. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2014.05.005
  • Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2012) The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and Our Understanding of the Crime Problem (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001) British urban morphology: The Conzenian tradition, Urban Morphology, 5, pp. 103–109.
  • Whitehand, J. W. R. (2007) Conzenian urban morphology and urban landscapes. 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, Istambul.
  • Whitehead, C., Scanlon, K., & Lunde, J. (2014) The Impact of the Financial Crisis on European Housing Systems: A Review (Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies).
  • Whysall, P. (2011) Managing decline in inner city retail centres: From case study to conceptualization, Local Economy, 26, pp. 3–17. doi:10.1177/0269094210391170
  • Willis, E., & Burns, E. (2011) The empty shops project: Developing rural students’ sociological insight, Teaching Sociology, 39, pp. 27–41. doi:10.1177/0092055X10390648
  • Wrigley, N., & Dolega, L. (2011) Resilience, fragility, and adaptation: New evidence on the performance of UK high streets during global economic crisis and its policy implications, Environment and Planning A, 43, pp. 2337–2363. doi:10.1068/a44270
  • Yoshida, H., & Omae, M. (2005) An approach for analysis of urban morphology: Methods to derive morphological properties of city blocks by using an urban landscape model and their interpretations, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29, pp. 223–247. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2004.05.008
  • Yrigoyen, C. C., & Otero, J. V. (1998) Spatial interaction models applied to the design of retail trade areas. 38th Congress of the European Regional Science Association. Vienna, Austria
  • Ziehl, M., & Oßwald, S. (2015) Practices in second hand spaces: Producing value from vacancy, Ephemera, 15, pp. 263–277.
  • Zukin, S., Trujillo, V., Frase, P., Jackson, D., Recuber, T., & Walker, A. (2009) New retail capital and neighborhood change: Boutiques and gentrification in New York City, City & Community, 8, pp. 47–64. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01269.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.