Explanatory Loops and the Limits of Genetic Reductionism

References

• Ashkenazy , A. and Dixit , V. M. 1998 . Death receptors: Signaling and modulation . Science , 281 : 1305 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Baeuerle , P. A. and Henkel , T. 1994 . Function and activation of NF‐kB in the immune system . Annual Review of Immunology , 12 : 141 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartram , C. R. , Beckmann , J. P. , Breyer , F. , Frey , G. , Fronatsch , C. , Irrgang , B. , Taupitz , J. , Seel , K. ‐M. and Thiele , F. 2000 . Humangenetische Diagnostik. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Baud , V. and Karin , M. 2001 . Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives . Trends in Cell Biology , 11 : 372 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc , V. and Davidson , N. O. 2003 . C‐to‐U RNA editing: Mechanisms leading to genetic diversity . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 278 : 1395 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , J. M. , Tymoczko , J. L. and Stryer , L. 2002 . Biochemistry , 5th ed. , New York : W. H. Freeman & Co .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , A. 2002 . DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory . Genes and Development , 16 : 6 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonizzi , G. and Karin , M. 2004 . The two NF‐kB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity . Trends in Immunology , 25 : 280 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer , T. 1997 . Quantenmechanik: Ein Fall für Gödel? , Heidelberg : Spektrum Akademischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Burian , R. M. 2004 . Molecular epigenesis, molecular pleiotropy, and molecular gene definitions . History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences , 26 : 59 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrier , M. 2000 . Multiplicity and heterogeneity: On the relations between functions and their realizations . Studies in History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences , 31 : 179 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Cech , T. 1986 . RNA as an enzyme . Scientific American , 255 (5) : 64 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Craver , C. F. and Darden , L. 2001 . “ Discovering mechanisms in neurobiology ” . In In Theory and method in the neurosciences , Edited by: Machamer , P. K. , Grush , R. and McLaughlin , P. 112 – 37 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crick , F. 1970 . Central dogma of molecular biology . Nature , 227 : 561 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earman , J. 1986 . A primer on determinism , Dordrecht : Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg , A. P. and Tycko , B. 2004 . The history of cancer epigenetics . Nature Reviews Cancer , 4 : 143 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzer , P. 2003 . Zum Verständnis biologischer Systeme: Reduktionen in Biologie und Biomedizin , Herbolzheim : Centaurus .
   Google Scholar
• Fox Keller , E. 2000 . The century of the gene , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , W. 1994 . “ A vision of the grail ” . In The code of codes , Edited by: Kevles , D. and Hood , L. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , P. E. 2001 . Genetic information: A metaphor in search for a theory . Philosophy of Science , 68 : 394 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , P. E. and Gray , R. D. 1994 . Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation . Journal of Philosophy , 91 : 277 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrnstein , R. J. and Murray , C. 1994 . The bell curve. Intelligence and class structure in American life , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hull , D. 1972 . Reduction in genetics—biology or philosophy . Philosophy of Science , 39 : 491 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Hull , D. 1976 . “ Informal aspects of theory reduction ” . In Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology. An anthology , Edited by: Sober , E. 462 – 76 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . 1984
   Google Scholar
• Jablonka , E. and Lamb , M. J. 2002 . The changing concept of epigenetics . Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 981 : 82 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaenisch , R. and Bird , A. 2003 . Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: How the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals . Nature Genetics Supplement , 33 : 245 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaskelioff , M. and Peterson , C. L. 2003 . Chromatin and transcription: Histones continue to make their marks . Nature Cell Biology , 5 : 395 – 99 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenuwein , T. and Allis , C. D. 2001 . Translating the histone code . Science , 293 : 1074 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. 1997 . “ Supervenience, emergence and realization in the philosophy of mind ” . In Mindscapes: Philosophy, science, and the mind , Edited by: Carrier , M. and Machamer , P. Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kitcher , P. 2000 . “ Battling the undead. How (and how not) to resist genetic determinism ” . In In Mendel’s mirror. Philosopical reflections on biology , Edited by: Kitcher , P. Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2003
   Google Scholar
• Kitcher , P. 1984 . “ 1953 and all that: A tale of two sciences ” . In In Mendel’s mirror: Philosopical reflections on biology , Edited by: Kitcher , P. Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2003
   Google Scholar
• Mameli , M. 2004 . Nongenetic selection and nongenetic inheritance . British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , 55 : 35 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal , M. and Breaker , R. R. 2004 . Gene regulation by riboswitches . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology , 5 : 451 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick , J. S. 2004 . RNA regulation: A new genetics? . Nature Reviews Genetics , 5 : 316 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard Smith , J. 2000 . The concept of information in biology . Philosophy of Science , 67 : 177 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melino , G. , DeLaurenzi , V. and Vousden , K. H. 2002 . p73: Friend or foe in tumorigenesis . Nature Reviews Cancer , 2 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagel , E. 1961 . The structure of science: Problems in the logic of scientific explanation , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim , P. and Putnam , H. 1958 . “ Unity of science as a working hypothesis ” . In Concepts, theories, and the mind–body problem , Edited by: Feigl , H. , Scriven , M. and Maxwell , G. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rohrlich , F. 2001 . Cognitive scientific realism . Philosophy of Science , 68 : 185 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , A. 2001 . Reductionism in a historical science . Philosophy of Science , 68 : 135 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosoff , P. M. and Rosenberg , A. 2006 . How Darwinian reductionism refutes genetic determinism . Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , 37 : 122 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruse , M. 1976 . “ Reduction in genetics ” . In Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology: An anthology , Edited by: Sober , E. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . 1984
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar , S. 1998 . Genetics and reductionism , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sober , E. 1993 . Philosophy of biology , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sober , E. 1999 . The multiple realizability argument against reductionism . Philosophy of Science , 66 : 542 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , A. 2004 . “ Phänomenale Eigenschaften, phänomenale Begriffe und die Grenzen Reduktiver Erklärung ” . In Grenzen und Grenzüberschreitungen. XIX. Deutscher Kongress für Philosophie. Vorträge und Kolloquien , Edited by: Hogrebe , W. and Bromand , J. Berlin : Akademie‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Strohman , R. C. 1997 . The coming Kuhnian revolution in biology . Nature Biotechnology , 15 : 194 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieffry , D. and Sarkar , S. 1998 . Forty years under the central dogma . Trends in Biochemical Sciences , 23 : 312 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Eck , D. , De Jong , H. L. and Schouten , M. K. D. 2006 . Evaluating new wave reductionism: The case of vision . British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , 57 : 167 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , M. 2005 . Philosophy of experimental biology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , S. 1992 . Dreams of a final theory , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , Y. , Verma , V. N. , Prajapati , S. , Kwak , Y. T. and Gaynor , R. B. 2003 . Histone H3 phosphorylation by IKK‐alpha is critical for cytokine‐induced gene expression . Nature , 423 : 655 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar