Calling Science Pseudoscience: Fleck's Archaeologies of Fact and Latour's ‘Biography of an Investigation’ in AIDS Denialism and Homeopathy

References

• Adorno, T. W. 1959. “Aberglaube aus zweiter Hand.” Psyche 12: 142–167.
   Google Scholar
• Adorno, T. W. 1994. The Stars Down to Earth and Other Essays on the Irrational in Culture, edited by Stephen Crook. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdamska, Olga, Christian Bonah, Cornelius Borck, Johannes Fehr, Michael Hagner, Marcus Klingberg, Ilana Löwy, et al. 2008. “Medical Science in the Light of a Flawed Study of the Holocaust: A Comment on Eva Hedfors’ Paper on Ludwik Fleck.” Social Studies of Science 38: 937–944. doi: 10.1177/0306312708098609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asma, S. T. 2013. “The Enigma of Chinese Medicine.” New York Times. The Stone. 28 September. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/the-enigma-of-chinese-medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 1994. Nietzsche's Philosophy of Science: Reflecting Science on the Ground of Art and Life. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 1996. “Physics vs. Social Text: The Anatomy of a Hoax.” Telos 107: 45–61. doi: 10.3817/0396107045
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 1997. “The Hermeneutics of a Hoax: On the Mismatch of Physics and Cultural Criticism.” Common Knowledge 6: 23–33.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2002. “Sokal's Hermeneutic Hoax: Physics and the New Inquisition.” In Hermeneutic Philosophy of Science, Van Gogh's Eyes, and God: Essays in Honor of Patrick A. Heelan, S.J., edited by Babette Babich, 67–78. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2003a. “From Fleck's Denkstil to Kuhn's Paradigm: Conceptual Schemes and Incommensurability.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 17: 75–92. doi: 10.1080/02698590305236
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2003b. “Paradigms and Thoughtstyles: Incommensurability and Its Cold War Discontents from Kuhn's Harvard to Fleck's Unsung Lvov.” Social Epistemology 17: 97–107. doi: 10.1080/0269172032000144018
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2004. “Nietzsche's Critique of Scientific Reason and Scientific Culture: On ‘Science as a Problem’ and ‘Nature as Chaos’.” In Nietzsche and Science, edited by Gregory M. Moore and Thomas Brobjer, 133–153. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2010. “Towards a Critical Philosophy of Science: Continental Beginnings and Bugbears, Whigs and Waterbears.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24: 343–391. doi: 10.1080/02698595.2010.543349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2011–2012. “Reading Lou von Salomé’s Triangles.” New Nietzsche Studies 8: 82–114.
   Google Scholar
• Babich, Babette. 2014. “On Schrödinger and Nietzsche: Eternal Return and the Moment.” In Antonio T. de Nicolas: Poet of Eternal Return, edited by Christopher Key Chapple, 157–206. Ahmedabad: Sriyogi Publications & Nalanda International.
   Google Scholar
• Baldamus, Wilhelm. 1977. “Ludwig Fleck and the Development of the Sociology of Science.” In Human Figurations: Essays for Norbert Elias, edited by Peter R. Gleichmann, Johan Goudsblom, and Hermann Korte, 135–156. Amsterdam: Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, Philip. 2004. “The Memory of Water.” Nature. 8 October. http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041008/full/news041004-19.html.
   Google Scholar
• Belt, Henk van den, and Bart Gremmen. 1990. “Specificity in the Era of Koch and Ehrlich: A Generalized Interpretation of Ludwik Fleck's Serological Thought Style.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 21: 463–479. doi: 10.1016/0039-3681(90)90005-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialy, Harvey. 2004. Oncogenes, Aneuploidy, and AIDS: A Scientific Life and Times of Peter H. Duesberg. New York: North Atlantic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Biberian, Jean-Paul. 2007. “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (Cold Fusion): An Update.” International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology 3: 31–42. doi: 10.1504/IJNEST.2007.012439
   Google Scholar
• Blake, Terence. 2014. “On the Realist Pluralism of Bruno Latour.” https://www.academia.edu/5861379/On_the_Realist_Pluralism_of_Bruno_Latour.
   Google Scholar
• Brorson, Stig. 2006. “The Seeds and the Worms: Ludwik Fleck and the Early History of Germ Theories.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49: 64–76. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2006.0004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brorson, Stig, and Hanne Andersen. 2001. “Stabilizing and Changing Phenomenal Worlds: Ludwik Fleck and Thomas Kuhn on Scientific Literature.” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 32: 109–129. doi: 10.1023/A:1011236713841
   Google Scholar
• Bucchi, Massimiano. 2004. Science in Society: An Introduction to Social Studies of Science. Translated by Adrian Belton. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carifio, James, and Rocco J. Perla. 2013. “Not Just a ‘Fleck’ on the Epistemic Landscape: A Reappraisal of Ludwik Fleck's Views of the Nature of Scientific Progress and Change in Relation to Contemporary Educational and Social Issues.” Research in Science Education 43: 2349–2366. doi: 10.1007/s11165-013-9361-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghlan, Andy. 2010. “Stop Funding Homeopathy, Say British MPs.” New Scientist, 23 February. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18559-stop-funding-homeopathy-say-british-mps.html.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jon. 1994. “The Duesberg Phenomenon.” Science 266: 1642–1644. doi: 10.1126/science.7992043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Robert S., and Thomas Schnelle, eds. 1986. Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Cremer, Thomas. 1985. Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Daempfle, Peter A. 2012. Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk: How to Tell the Difference. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Davenas, E., F. Beauvais, J. Amara, M. Oberbaum, B. Robinzon, A. Miadonnai, A. Tedeschi, et al. 1988. “Human Basophil Degranulation Triggered by Very Dilute Antiserum Against Ige.” Nature 333: 816–818. doi: 10.1038/333816a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diogenes Laertius. [1925] 2005. Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. 2 vols. Translated by Robert D. Hicks. Cambridge: Loeb.
   Google Scholar
• Duesberg, P. H. 1995. Inventing the AIDS Virus. Washington, DC: Regnery.
   Google Scholar
• Duesberg, P. H., C. Koehnlein, and D. Rasnick. 2003. “The Chemical Bases of the Various AIDS Epidemics: Recreational Drugs, Anti-viral Chemotherapy and Malnutrition.” Journal of Biosciences 28: 383–412. doi: 10.1007/BF02705115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elia, V., and M. Niccoli. 2004. “New Physico-chemical Properties of Extremely Diluted Aqueous Solutions.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 75: 815–836. doi: 10.1023/B:JTAN.0000027178.11665.8f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, Melinda B. 2009. “Fleck and the Social Constitution of Scientific Objectivity.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40: 272–285. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.09.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fagin, Dan. 2008. “Second Thoughts about Fluoride.” Scientific American 298 (1): 74–81. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0108-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyerabend, P. K. 1982. Science in a Free Society. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Feyerabend, P. K. 1997. “It's Not Easy to Exorcise Ghosts.” Common Knowledge 6: 98–103.
   Google Scholar
• Fleck, Ludwik. 1956. “État actuel des recherches sur la leukergie.” Vox Sanguinis 27: 376–381.
   Google Scholar
• Fleck, Ludwik. 1979. Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Translated by Frederick Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleck, Ludwik. 1986. “To Look, To See, To Know [1947].” In Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck, edited by Robert S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle, 129–151. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Fleck, Ludwik, and Irena Lille-Szyszkowicz. 1956. “Leukergy and the Metabolism of Leukocytes.” Proceedings of the VI International Society of Hematology, 157–160. Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Fort, Charles Hoy. 1919. The Book of the Damned. New York: Boni and Liveright.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, Kendrick. 2009. Science Under Siege: Defending Science, Exposing Pseudoscience. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, Steve. 2000. Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo, R. C. 1991. Virus Hunting: AIDS, Cancer, and the Human Retroviruses. A Story of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, Martin. 2013. Undiluted Hocus-pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, Gustav. 1885. Die Sprache als Kunst. 2 vols. Berlin: Gaertners.
   Google Scholar
• Goldacre, Ben. 2007. “A Corporate Conspiracy to Silence Alternative Medicine?” Guardian, 20 October.
   Google Scholar
• Gordin, Michael D. 2012. The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gradmann, Hans. 1930. “Die harmonische Lebenseinheit vom Standpunkt exackter Naturwissenschaft.” Naturwissenschaften 18: 641–644, 662–666. doi: 10.1007/BF01496712
   Google Scholar
• Grandjean, Philippe, and Philip J. Landrigan. 2014. “Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity.” Lancet Neurology 13: 330–338. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, David. 2001. Science, Money, and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grill, Markus, and Veronika Hackenbroch. 2010. “Der große Schüttelfrust.” Spiegel 28: 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, Patrick, ed. 1990. Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, Lars. 1982. Sprache und Lüge. Drei sprachphilosophische Extremisten: Friedrich Nietzsche, Alexander Bryan Johnson, Fritz Mauthner. Munich: Fischer.
   Google Scholar
• Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hacking, Ian. 2000. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hadot, Pierre. 1995. Philosophy As a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Harden, V. A. 1992. “Koch's Postulates and the Etiology of AIDS: An Historical Perspective.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 14: 249–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedfors, Eva. 2007. “Fleck in Context.” Perspectives on Science 15: 49–86. doi: 10.1162/posc.2007.15.1.49
   Google Scholar
• Heelan, P. A. 1965. Quantum Mechanics and Objectivity: A Study of the Physical Philosophy of Werner Heisenberg. The Hague: Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• Heelan, P. A. 1986. “Fleck's Contribution to Epistemology.” In Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck, edited by Robert S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle, 287–307. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Heidegger, Martin. [1927] 1962. Being and Time. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. London: SCM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hénaff, Marcel. 2010. The Price of the Truth: Gift, Money, Philosophy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horton, Robin. 1993. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion and Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jaenicke, Lothar. 2007. “Erinnerungsbild Ludwik Fleck.” BIOspektrum 14: 773–775.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, R., V. Fingerle, H. Hofmann, and A. Krause. 2011. “Aktuelle Aspekte zur Lyme-Borreliose.” Arbeitsmedizin–Sozialmedizin–Umweltmedizin 46: 426–437.
   Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., ed. 2009. Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy. Frankfurt am Main: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, Louis. 1991. Witzenschaftliche Weltbetrachtungen. Das verdammte Universum des Charles Fort. Berlin: Gatza.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, Louis. 1993. The Damned Universe of Charles Fort. Translated by Robin Cackett. New York: Autonomedia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kimsma, G. K., and Evert van Leeuwen. 2005. “The Human Body as Field of Conflict Between Discourses.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 26: 559–574. doi: 10.1007/s11017-005-2205-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koterski, Artur. 2002. “Affinities between Fleck and Neurath.” In History of Philosophy of Science: New Trends and Perspectives, edited by Michael Heidelberger and Friedrich Stadler, 299–306. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, T. S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, T. S. 1979. “Foreword.” In Ludwik Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Translated by Frederick Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn, 6–11. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, T. S. 2000. The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993, with an Autobiographical Interview. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 2003. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 1991. Nous n'avons jamais été modernes. Essai d'anthropologie symétrique. Paris: La Découverte.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 1999. Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 2004. “Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern.” Critical Inquiry 30: 225–248. doi: 10.1086/421123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 2012. “Biography of an Investigation: On a Book about Modes of Existence.” Translated by Catherine Porter. http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/downloads/126-KARSENTI-AIME-BIO-GB..pdf. Accessed: 1 August 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 2013. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence: An Anthropology of the Moderns. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno, and Steven Woolgar. [1979]1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laudan, Larry. 1983. “The Demise of the Demarcation Problem.” In Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum, edited by Robert S. Cohen and Larry Laudan, 111–127. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. L. 1996. “EPA Science: Casualty of Election Politics.” Nature 381: 731–732. doi: 10.1038/381731a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. L. 2014. Science For Sale: How the US Government Uses Powerful Corporations and Leading Universities to Support Government Policies, Silence Top Scientists, Jeopardize Our Health, and Protect Corporate Profits. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lewontin, Richard. 1991. Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New York: House of Anansi.
   Google Scholar
• Löwy, Ilana. 1988. “Ludwik Fleck on the Social Construction of Medical Knowledge.” Sociology of Health and Illness 10: 133–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Z. R. Sun, L. N. Wu, X. Wang, W. Lu, and S. S. Liub. 2000. “Effect of High Fluoride Water on Intelligence in Children.” Fluoride 33: 74–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, Thomas. [1924] 1943. Der Zauberberg. Frankfurt: Fischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Margulis, Lynn, Andrew Maniotis, James MacAllister, John Scythes, Oystein Brorston, John Hall, W. E. Krumbein, and M. J. Chapman. 2009. “Spirochete Round Bodies Syphilis, Lyme Disease and AIDS: Resurgence of ‘The Great Imitator’?” Symbiosis 47: 51–58. doi: 10.1007/BF03179970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllion, Susan. 2013. “The Case for Homeopathy.” Socialist Health Association. 10 April.
   Google Scholar
• McKubre, Michael C. H. 2015. “Cold Fusion: Comments on the State of Scientific Proof.” Current Science 108: 495–498.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, Lawrence. 1981. “Thought-styles, Diagnosis, and Concepts of Disease: Commentary on Ludwik Fleck.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 6: 257–262. doi: 10.1093/jmp/6.3.257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgrom, L. R. 2007. “Homeopathy, Fundamentalism, and the Memory of Water.” Current Oncology 14: 221–223. doi: 10.3747/co.2007.161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montagnier, Luc, Jamal Aïssa, Stéphane Ferris, Jean-Luc Montagnier, and Claude Lavallée. 2009. “Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences.” Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences 1: 81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nau, Roland, Hans-Jürgen Christen, and Helmut Eiffert. 2009. “Lyme-Borreliose—aktueller Kenntnisstand.” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 106: 72–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nehamas, Alexander. 2000. The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Pais, Abraham. 1988. Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pigliucci, Massimo. 2010. Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pigliucci, Massimo, and Maarten Boudry, eds. 2013a. Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pigliucci, Massimo, and Maarten Boudry. 2013b. “The Dangers of Pseudoscience.” New York Times. The Stone. Opinionator. 10 October. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/the-dangers-of-pseudoscience/?ref=alternativeandcomplementarymedicine.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkey, O. H., and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. 2007. Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can't Predict the Weather. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prelli, L. J. 1989. A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, R. N. 1995. Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know about Cancer. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, E. S. 2011. “Agencies Unveil Plans to Safeguard Science: White House is Reviewing 19 ‘Scientific Integrity’ Policies Submitted by US Agencies.” Nature 476: 262. doi: 10.1038/476262a
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 2010. On Historicizing Epistemology: An Essay. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rorty, Richard. 1997. “Left-wing Kuhnianism.” Common Knowledge 6: 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, Rustum, W. A. Tiller, Iris Bell, and M. R. Hoover. 2005. “The Structure of Liquid Water; Novel Insights from Materials Research; Potential Relevance to Homeopathy.” Materials Research Innovations 9: 577–608.
   Google Scholar
• Sak, Jarosław, and Jakub Pawlikowski. 2012. “Medicine and Thought-styles: On the 50th Anniversary of the Death of Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961).” Israel Medical Association Journal 14: 214–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samal, Shashadhar, and Kurt E. Geckeler. 2001. “Unexpected Solute Aggregation in Water on Dilution.” Chemical Communications 21: 2224–2225. doi: 10.1039/b105399j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapp, Jan. 1990. Where the Truth Lies: Franz Moewus and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schain, Richard. 2001. The Legend of Nietzsche's Syphilis. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, B., P. Klein, and M. Weiser. 2005. “Treatment of Vertigo with a Homeopathic Complex Remedy Compared with Usual Treatments: A Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials.” Arzneimittelforschung 55: 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, Aijing, Karin Huwiler-Müntener, Linda Nartey, Peter Jüni, Stephan Dörig, J. A. C. Sterne, Daniel Pewsner, and Matthias Egger. 2005. “Are the Clinical Effects of Homeopathy Placebo Effects? Comparative Study of Placebo-controlled Trials of Homeopathy and Allopathy.” The Lancet 366: 726–732. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, Louisa. 2009. The Cynic Enlightenment: Diogenes in the Salon. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shermer, Michael. 2002. Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Sloterdijk, Peter. 1987. The Critique of Cynical Reason. Translated by Michael Eldred. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. 2006. Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth, and the Human. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Souriau, Étienne. 2009. Les Différents modes d'existence. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Stump, David. 1988. “The Role of Skill in Experimentation: Reading Ludwik Fleck's Study of the Wassermann Reaction as an Example of Ian Hacking's Experimental Realism.” In PSA 1988: Proceedings of the 1998 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, edited by Arthur Fine and Jarrett Leplin, vol. 1, 302–308. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.
   Google Scholar
• Szasz, Thomas. 1974. The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct. New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Toulmin, Stephen. 1986. “Ludwik Fleck and the Historical Interpretation of Science.” In Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck, edited by Robert S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle, 267–285. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Trenn, Thaddeus J. 1981. “Ludwik Fleck's ‘On the Question of the Foundations of Medical Knowledge’.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 6: 237–256. doi: 10.1093/jmp/6.3.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, Sylwia. 2014. “Wissenschaft und Magie: Ethnologische und Warnehmungspsychologische Motive in Ludwik Flecks Epistemologie.” NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 22: 31–48. doi: 10.1007/s00048-013-0103-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wettersten, John. 1991. “The Fleck Affair: Fashions v. Heritage.” Inquiry 34: 475–498. doi: 10.1080/00201749108602271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar