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Brain Injury Volume 18, 2004 - Issue 4
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Original Article

Brief report
Novel approach to the application of botulinum toxin to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in acquired brain injury

Michael C. Munin Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USACorrespondence[email protected]
,
Brinda K. Navalgund Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
,
Donna A. Levitt Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
,
Terry P. Breisinger Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
&
Ross D. Zafonte Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Pages 403-407 | Received 16 Dec 2002, Accepted 20 Jun 2003, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • LAGALLA, G., DANNI, M., R_EITER, F., CERAVOLO, M. G. and PROVINCIAL', L.: Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb. American Journal of Physiology and Medical Rehabilitation, 70: 377–384, 2000.
  • RODRIQUEZ, A. A., McGINN, M. and CHAPPELL, R.: Botulinum toxin injection of spastic flexors in hemiplegic patients. American Journal of Physiology and Medical Rehabilitation, 79: 44–47, 2000.
  • DELAGI, E. F., PEROTTO, A., LAZETTI, J. and MORRISON, D.: Anatomic Guide for the Electromyograp her, 3rd edn (Springfield. C.C. Thomas), 1994.
  • YABLON, S. A.: Botulinum neurotoxin intramuscular chemodenervation. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 12, 833–874, 2001.
  • BICKERTON, L. E., AGUR, A. M. and ASHBY, P.: Flexor digitorum superficialis: locations of indi-vidual muscle bellies for botulinum toxin injections. Muscle Nerve, 20: 1041–1043, 1997.
  • BOHANNON, R. W. and SMITH, M. B.: Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy, 67: 206–207, 1986.
  • GEENEN, C., CONSKY, E. and ASHBY, P.: Localizing muscles for botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, 23: 194–197, 1996.
  • O'BRIEN, C. F.: Injection techniques for botulinum toxin using electromyography and electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve, 1997, 20\(Suppl. 6): S176.

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