Clinical significance of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in mild traumatic brain injury

References

• Kraus JF, McArthur DL, Silberman TA. Epidemiology of mild brain injury. Seminars in Neurology 1994; 14: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnen N, Twijnstra A, Jolles J. Persistence of postconcussional symptoms is uncomplicated, mildly head-injured patients: A prospective cohort study. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology & Behavioural Neurology 1993; 6: 193–200
   Google Scholar
• Klein M, Houx PJ, Jolles J. Long-term persisting cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury and the effect of age. Journal of Nervous Mental Diseases 1996; 184: 459–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medana IM, Esiri MM. Axonal damage: A key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases. Brain 2003; 126: 515–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan JC, Yang JH, Plotkin RC, Grossman RI, Umile EM, Cecil KM. Magnetization transfer imaging in the detection of injury associated with mild head trauma. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000; 21: 875–880, et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ, Sinson GP, Grossman RI. Traumatic brain injury: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999; 20: 1636–1641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SD, Brooks WM, Jung RE, Hart BL, Yeo RA. Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injury. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 1998; 19: 1879–1885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg W, Tremont G, Zielinski RE, Fichera S, Rayls KR. Cognitive-behavioral prevention of postconcussion syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1996; 11: 139–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias JL, Beall JA, Bigler ED. Neuropsychological and information processing deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society 2004; 10: 286–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder LM. A review of mild head trauma. Part II: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 1997; 19: 432–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comerford VE, Geffen GM, May C, Medland SE, Geffen LB. A rapid screen of the severity of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 2002; 24: 409–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterloo K, Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B. Neuropsychological function in patients with increased serum levels of protein S-100 after minor head injury. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 1997; 26–31, discussion 31–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimel RW, Giordani B, Barth JT, Boll TJ, Jane JA. Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery 1981; 9: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leininger BE, Gramling SE, Farrell AD, Kreutzer JS, Peck EA, 3rd. Neuropsychological deficits in symptomatic minor head injury patients after concussion and mild concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1990; 53: 293–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss DT, Ely P, Hugenholtz H, Richard MT, LaRochelle S, Poirier CA. Subtle neuropsychological deficits in patients with good recovery after closed head injury. Neurosurgery 1985; 17: 41–47, et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler ED, Snyder JL. Neuropsychological outcome and quantitative neuroimaging in mild head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1995; 10: 159–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss DT, Stethem LL, Hugenholtz H, Picton T, Pivik J, Richard MT. Reaction time after head injury: Fatigue, divided and focused attention, and consistency of performance. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1989; 52: 742–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford 1995
   Google Scholar
• Esiri MM, Gay D. Immunological and neuropathological significance of the Virchow-Robin space. Journal of Neurological Science 1990; 100: 3–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier LA, Bauer CJ, Schwartz L, Zimmerman RD, Morgello S, Deck MD. Large Virchow-Robin spaces: MR-clinical correlation. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 1989; 10: 929–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins NK, Deline C, Morriss MC. Prevalence and clinical significance of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in childhood. Radiology 1993; 189: 53–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Costanzo A, Di Salle F, Santoro L, Bonavita V, Tedeschi G. Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in myotonic dystrophy: Frequency, extent and significance. European Neurology 2001; 46: 131–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achiron A, Faibel M. Sandlike appearance of Virchow-Robin spaces in early multiple sclerosis: A novel neuroradiologic marker. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 2002; 23: 376–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglese M, Bomsztyk E, Gonen O, Mannon LJ, Grossman RI, Rusinek H. Dilated perivascular spaces: A hallmark of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR; American Journal of Neuroradiology 2005; 26: 719–724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esselman PC, Uomoto JM. Classification of the spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1995; 9: 417–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlanger DM, Kaushik T, Broshek D, Freeman J, Feldman D, Festa J. Development and validation of a web-based screening tool for monitoring cognitive status. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2002; 17: 458–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath JF, Langenbahn DM, Simon D, Sherr RL, Fletcher J, Diller L. The construct of problem solving in higher level neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2004; 19: 613–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diller L, Weinberg J. Style of response in perceptual retraining. Advances in stroke rehabilitation, W Gordon. Andover Medical, Baltimore 1993
   Google Scholar
• Downey J. The will-temperament and its testing. World Book, New York 1923
   Google Scholar
• Trenerry MR, Crosson B, LeBoe J, Leber WR. Stroop neuropsychological screening test manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL 1989
   Google Scholar
• Spreen O, Benton AL. Neurosensory center comprehensive examination for aphasia. Neuropsychology laboratory, University of Victoria, VictoriaBC, Canada 1977
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Yishay Y, Diller L, Mandleberg I. Ability to profit from cues as a function of initial competence in normal and brain-injured adults: A replication of previous findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1970; 76: 378–379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rattok J, Ben-Yishay Y, Ezrachi O, Lakin P, Piasetsky E, Ross B. Outcome of different treatment mixes in a multidimensional neuropsychologial rehabilitation program. Neuropsychology 1992; 6: 395–417, et al.
   Google Scholar
• Mirfakhraee M, Crofford MJ, Guinto FC, Jr, Nauta HJ, Weedn VW. Virchow-Robin space: A path of spread in neurosarcoidosis. Radiology 1986; 158: 715–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miszkiel KA, Hall-Craggs MA, Miller RF, Kendall BE, Wilkinson ID, Paley MN. The spectrum of MRI findings in CNS cryptococcosis in AIDS. Clinical Radiology 1996; 51: 842–850, et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick S, Gahleitner A, Wober-Bingol C, Wober C, Ba-Ssalamah A, Schoder M. Virchow-Robin spaces in childhood migraine. Neuroradiology 1999; 41: 283–287, et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclullich AM, Wardlaw JM, Ferguson KJ, Starr JM, Seckl JR, Deary IJ. Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1519–1523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbourn A. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 1943; 2: 438–441
   Google Scholar