Comparison of functional outcome following acute care in young, middle-aged and elderly patients with traumatic brain injury

References

• Coronado VG, Thomas KE, Sattin RW, Johnson RL. The CDC traumatic brain injury surveillance system: Characteristics of persons aged 65 years and older hospitalised with a TBI. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2005; 20: 215–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport MJ, Feinstein A. Outcome following traumatic brain injury in the elderly: A critical review. Brain Injury 2000; 14: 749–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susman M, DiRusso SM, Sullivan T, Risucci D, Nealon P, Cuff S, Haider A, Benzil D. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: Increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 2002; 53: 219–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosenthal AC, Lavery RF, Addis M, Kaul S, Ross S, Marburger R, Deitch DA, Livingston DH. Isolated traumatic brain injury: Age is an independent predictor of mortality and early outcome. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 2002; 52: 907–911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakier A, Guilburd JN, Soustiel JF, Zaaroor M, Feinsod M. Head injuries in the elderly. Brain Injury 1995; 9: 187–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amacher AL, Bybee DE. Toleration of head injury by the elderly. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 954–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy CW, Pentland B, Douglas Miller J. The causes and consequences of minor head injury in the elderly. Injury 1986; 17: 220–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JA, Pentland B, Currie C, Douglas Miller J. The functional effects of head injury in the elderly. Brain Injury 1987; 1: 183–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankel JE, Marwitz JH, Cifu DX, Kreutzer JS, Englander J, Rosenthal M. A follow-up study of older adults with traumatic brain injury: Taking into account decreasing length of stay. Brain Injury 2006; 87: 57–62
   Google Scholar
• Vollmer DG, Torner J, Jane JA, Eisenberg HM, Foulkes MA, Marmarou A, Marshall LF. Age and outcome following traumatic coma: Why do older patients fare worse?. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: S37–S49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings JL, Bachulis BL, Simons CT, Slazinski T. Survival after severe brain injury in the aged. Archives of Surgery 1993; 128: 787–794
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritchie PD, Cameron PA, Ugoni AM, Kaye AH. A study of the functional outcome and mortality in elderly patients with head injuries. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2000; 7: 301–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkelhoven CWPM, Steyerberg EW, Rampen AJJ, Farace E, Habbema JDF, Marshall LF, Murray GD, Maas AIR. Patient age and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: An analysis of 5600 patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003; 99: 666–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adekoya N, Thurman D, White D, Webb KW. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury deaths—United States—1989–1998. Centers for Disease Control Website. Surveillance summaries 2002; 51((SS10))1–16, Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5110a1/htm(21 July 2005)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris C, DiRusso S, Sullivan T, Benzil DL. Mortality risk after head injury increases at 30 years. Journal of the American College of Surgery 2003; 197: 711–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhne CA, Ruchholtz S, Kaiser GM, Nast-Kolb D. Mortality in severely injured elderly trauma patients—when does age become a risk factor?. World Journal of Surgery 2005; 29: 1476–1482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan BK, Lim JH, Ng IH. Outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst the elderly in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore 2004; 33: 63–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, Rocca WA. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338: 20–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage, a practical scale. Lancet 1975; i: 480–484
   Google Scholar
• Rothweiler B, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS. Aging effect on psychosocial outcome in traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998; 79: 881–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilaru S, Garb J, Emhoff T, Fiallo V, Simon B, Swiencicki T, Lee KF. Long-term functional status and mortality of elderly patients with severe closed head injuries. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1996; 41: 957–963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeder KP, Rosenthal M, Lichtenberg P, Wood D. Impact of age on functional outcome following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1996; 11: 22–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosenthal AC, Livingston DH, Lavery RF, Knudson MM, Lee S, Morabito D, Manley GT, Nathans A, Jurkovich G, Hoyt DB, Coimbra R. The effect of age on functional outcome in mild traumatic brain injury: 6-month report of a prospective multicenter trial. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 2004; 56: 1042–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport MJ, Feinstein A. Age and functioning after mild traumatic brain injury: The acute picture. Brain Injury 2001; 15: 857–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkmus D, Booth BJ, Kodimer C. Rehabilitation of the head injured adult. Comprehensive management. Professional Staff Association of Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Inc;, Downey, CA 1979
   Google Scholar
• Cifu DX, Kreutzer JS, Marwitz JH, Rosenthal M, Englander J, High W. Functional outcomes of older adults with traumatic brain injury: A prospective multicenter analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996; 77: 883–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CS, Acton P. Treatment of the elderly brain-injured patient, experience in a traumatic brain injury unit. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 1988; 36: 225–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CV, Cotter AC, Hamilton BB, Fielder RC. Functional assessment scales: A study of persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990; 71: 870–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapaport M, Hall KM, Hopkins HK, Belleza T, Cope DN. Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: Coma to community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1982; 63: 118–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein FC, Levin HS, Presley JS, Colohan ART, Eisenberg HM, Jann B, Bertolino-Kusnerik L. Neurobehavioural consequences of closed head injury in older adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1994; 57: 961–966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein FC, Levin HS. Neurobehavioral outcome of traumatic brain injury in older adults: Initial findings. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1995; 10: 57–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein FC, Levin HS, Goldman WP, Kalechstein AD, Clark AN, Kenehan-Altonen T. Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of closed head injury in older adults according to their significant others. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999; 11: 38–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharon-Peretz J, Kliot D, Amyel-Zvi E, Tomer R, Rakier A, Feinsod M. Neurobehavioural consequences of closed head injury in the elderly. Brain Injury 1997; 11: 871–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein M, Houx PJ, Jolles J. Long-term persisting cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury and the effect of age. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 1996; 184: 459–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa JA, Malec JF, Moessner AM, Brown AW. Outcome after traumatic brain injury: Effects of aging on recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005; 86: 1815–1823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: 81–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B, Snoek J, Bond MR, Brooks N. Disability after severe head injury: Observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1981; 44: 285–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimel R, Giordani B, Barth JT, Jane JA. Moderate head injury: Completing the clinical spectrum of brain injury. Neurosurgery 1982; 11: 344–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker S, O’Neill B, Haddon W. The Injury Severity Score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1975; 14: 187–196
   Google Scholar
• Katz DI, Alexander MP. Traumatic brain injury: Predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation. Archives of Neurology 1994; 51: 661–670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan L, Doctor J, Temkin N, MacLehose RF, Esselman P, Bell K, Dikmen S. Discharge disposition from acute care after traumatic brain injury: The effect of insurance type. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 82: 1151–1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafonte RD, Mann NR, Millis SR, Black KL, Wood DL, Hammond S. Post traumatic amnesia: Its relation to functional outcome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997; 78: 1103–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SC, Barnes TY, Bullock R, Germanson TA, Marmarou A, Young HS. Temporal profile of outcome in severe injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1994; 81: 169–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrell RB, Kaloyan ST. Traumatic brain injury in older adults. Current Psychiatry Reports 2002; 4: 354–362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety. Rating the severity of tissue damage, I: The abbreviated scale. JAMA 1971; 215: 277–280
   Google Scholar
• Englander J, Cifu DX. The older adult with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation of the adult and child with traumatic brain injury, 3rd, M Rosenthal. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia 1999; 453–470
   Google Scholar
• Choi SC, Narayan RK, Anderson RL, Ward JD. Enhanced specificity of prognosis in severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 381–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannoo E, Van Rietvelde F, Colardyn K, Lemmerling M, Vandekerckhove T, Jannes C, DeSoete G. Early predictors of mortality and morbidity after severe closed head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2000; 12: 403–413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toschlog EA, MacElligot J, Sagraves SG, Schenarts PJ, Bard MR, Goettler CE, Rotondo MF, Swanson MS. The relationship of Injury Severity Score and Glasgow Coma Score to rehabilitatitve potential in patients suffering traumatic brain injury. American Surgeons 2003; 69: 497–498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar