PTSD and traumatic brain injury: Folklore and fact?

References

• Mayou R, Bryant B, Duthie R. Psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal 1993; 307: 647–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbordone RJ, Liter JC. Mild traumatic brain injury does not produce post-traumatic stress disorder. Brian Injury 1995; 9: 405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou R, Black J, Bryant B. Unconsciousness, amnesia and psychiatric symptoms following road traffic accident injury. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 540–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan AI, Stringer AY, Phillips VL, Hammond FM, Goldstein FC. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress: intrusion and avoidance 6&12 months after TBI. Brain Injury 2006; 20: 733–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NS. Post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Psychologicalapprooches to be published on 19.03.08. Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury, AT Tyerman, NS King, Blackwell 2008, in press
   Google Scholar
• McMillan TM, Williams WH, Bryant R. Post-traumatic stress disorder after traumatic brain injury: A review of causal mechanisms, assessment and treatment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation–Special Issue 2003; 1: 149–164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton AM. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mild head trauma: follow up case study. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1993; 76: 243–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NS. Post-traumatic stress disorder and head injury as a dual diagnosis; ‘islands’ of memory as a mechanism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1997; 62: 82–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layton BS, Wardi-Zonna K. Post-traumatic stress disorder with neurogenesis amnesia for the traumatic event. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 1995; 9: 2–10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey AG, Bryant RA. Reconstructing trauma memories; a prospective study of ‘amnesic’ trauma sufferers. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2001; 14: 277–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan TM. Post-traumatic stress disorder following mild and severe closed head injury: 10 single cases. Brain Injury 1996; 10: 749–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil G, Caspi Y, Ben-Ari IZ, Koren D, Klein E. Does memory of a traumatic event increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury? A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 963–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey AG, Bryant RA. Two year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 626–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey AG, Bryant RA. Acute stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1998; 186: 333–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Marosszeky JE, Crooks J, Gurka JA. Post traumatic stress disorder after severe traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 629–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams WH, Evans JJ, Wilson BA. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after severe traumatic brain injury in a representative community sample. Brain Injury 2002; 16: 673–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumpter RE, McMillan TM. Misdiagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe traumatic brain injury. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 186: 423–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Klauminzer G, Charney DS, Keane TA. A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD; the CAPS-1. Behavior Therapist 1990; September: 187–188
   Google Scholar
• Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Temkin N, Esselman PC. Posttraumatic stress disorder during the first six months after brain injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2006; 18: 501–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell ML, Creamer M, Bryant RA, Schnyder U, Shalev A. Posttraumatic stress disorders following injury: an empirical and methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review 2003; 23: 587–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder LM. A review of mild head trauma. Part II: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1997; 19: 432–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore EL, Terryberry-Spohr L, Hope D. Mild traumatic brain injury and anxiety sequelae; a review of the literature. Brain Injury 2006; 20: 117–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NS. The post concussion syndrome: clarity amid the controversy?. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 183: 276–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Clinical guidelines: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children in primary and secondary care. NHS National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• Bisson J, Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005; Issue 2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant A, Friedman A. Medication and non-medication treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2001; 14: 119–123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe PC, Browning RA. The serotonergic and noradrenergic effects of antidepressant drugs are anticonvulsant, not proconvulsant. Epilepsy Behaviour 2005; 7: 602–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan TM. Post traumatic stress disorder and severe head injury. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 159: 431–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath J. Cognitive impairment associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and minor head injury: a case report. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 1997; 7: 231–239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams WH, Evans JJ, Wilson BA. Neurorehabilitation for two cases of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 2003; 8: 1–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryant RA, Moulds M, Guthrie R, Nixon RD. Treating acute stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 585–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative fugue and a locator beacon. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 102–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reither AM, Stoudemire A. Psychogenic fugue state: a review. Southern Medical Journal 1988; 81: 568–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NS. Perseveration of traumatic re-experiencing in PTSD; a cautionary note regarding exposure based psychological treatments for PTSD when head injury and dysexecutive impairment are also present. Brain Injury 2002; 16: 65–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor ST, Fedoroff IC, Koch WJ, Thordarson DS, Fecteau G, Nicki R. Posttraumatic stress disorder arising after road traffic collisions; patterns of response to cognitive-behavioural therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001; 67: 13–18
   Google Scholar
• Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder; mutual maintenance?. Clinical Psychology Review 2001; 21: 857–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisendrath SJ. Psychiatric aspects of pain. Neurology 1995; 45(suppl 9)26–34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark DM. Cognitive-behavioural treatment of PTSD. Oxford Cognitive Therapy for Anxiety Group. 1999, © DM Clark
   Google Scholar