448
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Case Study

Reversible post-traumatic bilateral extensive restricted diffusion of the brain. A case study and review of the literature

, MD, , , , &
Pages 466-472 | Received 13 Oct 2008, Accepted 23 Feb 2009, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Gentry LR, Godersky JC, Thompson B. MR imaging of head trauma: Review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1988; 9: 101–110
  • Povlishock JT, Erb DE, Astruc J. Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: Reactive axonal change, deafferentation and neuroplasticity. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992; 9: 189–200
  • Povlishock JT, Christman CW. The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: A review of current thoughts. Journal of Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 555–564
  • Maxwell WL, Povlishock JT, Graham DL. A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: A review. Journal of Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 419–440, [Erratum: Journal of Neurotrauma 1997;14:755]
  • Marmarou A, Fatouros PP, Barzó P, Portella G, Yoshihara M, Tsuji O, Yamamoto T, Laine F, Signoretti S, Ward JD, Bullock MR, Young HF. Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 93: 183–193, [Erratum: Journal of Neurosurgery 2001;94:349.]
  • Mittl R, Grossman R, Hiehle J, Hurst RW, Kauder DR, Gennarelli TA, Alburger GW. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1994; 15: 1583–1589
  • Le Biham D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: Application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986; 161: 401–407
  • Pizzini F, Beltramello A, Piovan E, Alessandrini F. Diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance brain imaging: Principles and applications. The Neuroradiology Journal 2003; 16: 207–220
  • Huisman TA. Diffusion-weighted imaging: Basic concepts and application in cerebral stroke and head trauma. European Radiology 2003; 13: 2283–2297
  • Colagrande S, Pallotta S, Vanzulli A, Napolitano M, Villari N. The diffusion parameter in magnetic resonance: Physics, techniques, and semeiotics. La Radiologia Medica 2005; 109: 1–16
  • Mascalchi M, Filippi M, Floris R, Fonda C, Gasparotti R, Villari N. Diffusion-weighted MR of the brain: Methodology and clinical application. La Radiologia Medica 2005; 109: 155–197
  • Nicoli F, Lefur Y, Denis B, Ranjeva JP, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ. Metabolic counterpart of decreased apparent diffusion coefficient during hyperacute ischemic stroke: A brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Stroke 2003; 34: e82–e87
  • Fiehler J. Editorial comment-ADC and metabolites in stroke: Even more confusion about diffusion?. Stroke 2003; 34: e87–e88
  • Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ, Sinson GP, Grossman RI. Traumatic brain injury: Diffusion weighted MR imaging findings. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999; 20: 1636–1641
  • Hergan K, Schaefer PW, Sorensen AG, Gonzalez RG, Huisman TA. Diffusion-weighted MRI in diffuse axonal injury of the brain. European Radiology 2002; 12: 2536–2541
  • Hammoud DA, Wasserman BA. Diffuse axonal injuries: Pathophysiology and imaging. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 2002; 12: 205–216
  • Turkin AM, Podoprigora AE, Oshorov AV, Fadeeva LM, Serkov SV, Rodionov PV, Belova TV, Kornienko VN. DWI in traumatic brain injury. The Neuroradiology Journal 2003; 16: 1055–1057
  • Schaefer PW, Huisman TA, Sorensen AG, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in closed head injury: High correlation with initial glasgow coma scale score and score on modified Rankin scale at discharge. Radiology 2004; 233: 58–66
  • Marmarou A, Signoretti S, Fatouros PP, Portella G, Aygok GA, Bullock MR. Predominance of cellular edema in traumatic brain swelling in patients with severe head injuries. Journal of Neurosurgery 2006; 104: 720–730
  • Hou DJ, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Joo E, Shutter L, Obenaus A. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging improves outcome prediction in adult traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 1558–1569
  • Zheng WB, Liu GR, Li LP, Wu RH. Prediction of recovery from a post-traumatic coma state by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 271–279
  • Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, Rogers BP, Dempsey RJ, Meyerand ME. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2002; 23: 794–802
  • Ducreux D, Huynh I, Fillad P, Renoux J, Petit-Lacour MC, Marsot-Dupuch K, Lasjaunias P. Brain MR diffusion tensor imaging and fibre tracking differentiate between two diffuse axonal injures. Neuroradiology 2005; 47: 604–608
  • Nakayama N, Okumura A, Shinoda J, Yasokawa YT, Miwa K, Yoshimura SI, Iwama T. Evidence for white matter disruption in traumatic brain injury without macroscopic lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2006; 77: 850–855
  • Newcombe VF, Williams GB, Nortje J, Bradley PG, Harding SG, Smielewski P, Coles JP, Maiya B, Gillard JH, Hutchinson PJ, et al. Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2007; 21: 340–348
  • Rutgers DR, Fillard P, Paradot G, Tadié M, Lasjaunias P, Ducreux D. Diffusion tensor imaging characteristics of the corpus callosum in mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2008; 29: 1730–1735
  • Klatzo I. Evolution of brain edema concepts. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Wien) 1994; 60: 3–6
  • Sharp FR, Swanson RA, Honkaniemi J, Kogure K, Massa SM. Neurochemistry and molecular biology. Stroke: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, 3rd, HJM Barnett, JP Mohr, BM Stein, FM Yatsu. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1998; 54–56
  • Mark LP, Prost RW, Ulmer JL, Smith MM, Daniels DL, Strottmann JM, Brown WD, Hacein-Bey L. Pictorial review of glutamate excitotoxicity: Fundamental concepts for neuroimaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2001; 22: 1813–1824
  • Moritani T, Smoker WR, Sato Y, Numaguchi Y, Westesson PL. Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute excitotoxic brain injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2005; 26: 216–228
  • Dardzinski BJ, Sotak CH, Fisher M, Hasegawa Y, Li L, Minematsu K. Apparent diffusion coefficient mapping of experimental focal cerebral ischemia using diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1993; 30: 318–322
  • Fiehler J, Knudsen K, Kucinski T, Kidwell CS, Alger JR, Thomalla G, Eckert B, Wittkugel O, Weiller C, Zeumer H, et al. Predictors of apparent diffusion coefficient normalization in stroke patients. Stroke 2004; 35: 514–519
  • Gallucci M, Limbucci N, Paonessa A, Caranci F. Reversibile focal splenial lesions. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 541–544
  • Chu K, Kang DW, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Park SH. Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities in Wernicke encephalopathy: Reversible cytotoxic edema?. Archives of Neurology 2002; 59: 123–127
  • Battisti C, Forte F, Rubenni E, Dotti MT, Bartali A, Gennari P, Federico A, Cerase A. Two cases of hemichorea-hemiballism with nonketotic hyperglycemia: A new point of view. Neurological. Sciences March 21, 2009, [Epub ahead of print]
  • Takanashi J, Maeda M, Hayashi M. A neonate showing a reversible splenial lesion. Archives of Neurology 2005; 62: 1481–1482
  • Sidaros A, Skimminge A, Liptrot MG, Sidaros K, Engberg AW, Herning M, Paulson OB, Jernigan TL, Rostrup E. Long-term global and regional brain volume changes following severe traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal study with clinical correlates. Neuroimage 2009; 44: 1–8
  • Levine B, Kovacevic N, Nica EI, Cheung G, Gao F, Schwartz ML, Black SE. The Toronto traumatic brain injury study: Injury severity and quantified MRI. Neurology 2008; 70: 771–778
  • Ito J, Marmarou A, Barzó P, Fatouros P, Corwin F. Characterization of edema by diffusion weighted imaging in experimental traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1996; 84: 97–103
  • Barzó P, Marmarou A, Fatouros P, Hayasaki K, Corwin F. Contribution of vasogenic and cellular edema to traumatic brain swelling measured by diffusion weighted imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997; 87: 900–907
  • Unterberg AW, Stroop R, Thomale UW, Kiening KL, Päuser S, Vollmann W. Characterisation of brain edema following ‘controlled cortical impact injury’ in rats. Acta Neurochirurgica (Supplement) 1997; 70: 106–108
  • Faden AI, Demediuk P, Panter SS, Vink R. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 1989; 244: 798–800
  • Gennarelli TA. Mechanisms of brain injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine 1993; 11(Suppl)5–11
  • Ebisu T, Tanaka C, Umeda M, Kitamura M, Fukunaga M, Aoki I, Sato H, Higuchi T, Naruse S, Horikawa Y, et al. Hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic stroke: Diagnosis with diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 203: 823–828
  • Takayama H, Kobayashi M, Sugishita M, Mihara B. Diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrates transient cytotoxic edema involving the corpus callosum in a patient with diffuse brain injury. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2000; 102: 135–139
  • Muttikkal TJE, Ashebu SD, Ben-Nakhi A, Pulikkottil MP, Sheikh M. Isolated bilateral pyramidal tract lesions? An unusual case of demyelination following trauma. A case report. The Neuroradiology Journal 2008; 21: 817–823
  • Warach S, Mosley M, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz W. Time course of diffusion imaging abnormalities in human stroke. Stroke 1996; 27: 1254–1256
  • Schlaug G, Siewert B, Benfield A, Edelman RR, Warach S. Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) abnormality in human stroke. Neurology 1997; 49: 113–119
  • Mateo MA. Evaluation of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Lippincotts Case Management 2003; 8: 203–207

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.