Positive blood alcohol level in severe traumatic brain injury is associated with better long-term functional outcome

References

• Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, Dodel R, Ekman M, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, et al. CDBE 2010 Study Group. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;21:718–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology 2013;9:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD. Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1995;76:302–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry-Jones BL, Vaughan FL, Miles Cox W. Traumatic brain injury and substance misuse: a systematic review of prevalence and outcomes research (1994-2004). Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2006;16:537–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan JH, Bernard S, Cameron PA, Rosenfeld JV, Mitra B. Ethanol and isolated traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2015;22:1375–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander S, Kerr ME, Yonas H, Marion DW. The effects of admission alcohol level on cerebral blood flow and outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004;21:575–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj R, Skrifvars MB, Kivisaari R, Hernesniemi J, Lappalainen J, Siironen J. Acute alcohol intoxication and long-term outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2015;32:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr., Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma 1974;14:187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, Van Berkum Clark M, Eisenberg H, Jane JA, Luerssen TG, Marmarou A, Foulkes MA. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992;9(Suppl 1):S287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas AI, Hukkelhoven CW, Marshall LF, Steyerberg EW. Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors. Neurosurgery 2005;57: 1173, 1182; discussion 1173–1182.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. Journal of Chronic Disease 1987;40:373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim K, Nitz L, Richardson J, Li L. Personal and behavioral predictors of automobile crash and injury severity. Accident Analysis & Prevention 1995;27:469–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talving P, Plurad D, Barmparas G, Dubose J, Inaba K, Lam L, Chan L, Demetriades D. Isolated severe traumatic brain injuries: association of blood alcohol levels with the severity of injuries and outcomes. Journal of Trauma 2010;68:357–362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh CH, Su LT, Wang YC, Fu CY, Lo HC, Lin CH. Does alcohol intoxication protect patients from severe injury and reduce hospital mortality? The association of alcohol consumption with the severity of injury and survival in trauma patients. American Surgery 2013;79:1289–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickley MR, Shepherd JP. The relationship between alcohol intoxication, injury severity and Glasgow coma score in assault patients. Injury 1995;26:311–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundhaug NP, Moen KG, Skandsen T, Schirmer-Mikalsen K, Lund SB, Hara S, Vik A. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: Effect of blood alcohol concentration on Glasgow coma scale score and relation to computed tomography findings. Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;122:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuke L, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gentilello LM, Shafi S. Effect of alcohol on Glasgow coma scale in head-injured patients. Annals of Surgery 2007;245:651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouw ME, Peelen LM, Moons KG, Kalkman CJ, Lingsma HF. Including post-discharge mortality in calculation of hospital standardised mortality ratios: Retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics. British Medical Journal 2013;347:f5913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corral L, Ventura JL, Herrero JI, Monfort JL, Juncadella M, Gabarros A, Bartolome C, Javierre CF, Garcia-Huete L. Improvement in GOS and GOSE scores 6 and 12 months after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2007;21:1225–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman MD, Makley AT, Campion EM, Friend LA, Lentsch AB, Pritts TA. Preinjury alcohol exposure attenuates the neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Journal of Surgical Research 2013;184:1053–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Chou DY, Ding JY, Fredrickson V, Peng C, Schafer S, Guthikonda M, Kreipke C, Rafols JA, Ding Y. Reduction of brain edema and expression of aquaporins with acute ethanol treatment after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 2013;118:390–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanbak G, Kartkaya K, Ozcelik E, Guvenal AB, Kabay SC, Arslan G, Durmaz R. The neuroprotective effect of acute moderate alcohol consumption on caspase-3 mediated neuroapoptosis in traumatic brain injury: the role of lysosomal cathepsin L and nitric oxide. Gene 2013;512:492–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelm MK, Criswell HE, Breese GR. Ethanol-enhanced GABA release: a focus on G protein-coupled receptors. Brain Research Review 2011;65:113–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandler LJ, Sumners C, Crews FT. Ethanol inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in rat primary neuronal cultures. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 1993;17:54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira Y, Lam AM, Paez A, Artru AA, Laohaprasit V, Donato T. The influence of acute and chronic alcohol treatment on brain edema, cerebral infarct volume and neurological outcome following experimental head trauma in rats. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 1997;9:118–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cebere A, Liljequist S. Ethanol differentially inhibits homoquinolinic acid- and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Neurochemical Research 2003;28:1193–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf PD, Cox C, Kelly M, Nichols D, McDonald JV, Hamill RW. The adrenocortical response to brain injury: correlation with the severity of neurologic dysfunction, effects of intoxication, and patient outcome. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 1990;14:917–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaagenes IC, Tsai SY, Ton ST, Husak VA, McGuire SO, O’Brien TE, Kartje GL. Binge ethanol prior to traumatic brain injury worsens sensorimotor functional recovery in rats. PLoS One 2015;10:e0120356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zink BJ, Walsh RF, Feustel PJ. Effects of ethanol in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1993;10:275–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin MS, Bunegin L. An experimental study of craniocerebral trauma during ethanol intoxication. Critical Care Medicine 1986;14:841–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nekludov M, Bellander BM, Blomback M, Wallen HN. Platelet dysfunction in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007;24:1699–1706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh TK, Juhler M, Wieloch T. Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: 1998. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998;15:731–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DF, Kozlowski DA, Haddad E, Echiverri A, Hovda DA, Lee SM. Ethanol reduces metabolic uncoupling following experimental head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2000;17:261–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelin EP, Johannesson L, Nelson D, Bellander BM. S100B is an important outcome predictor in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2013;30:519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelin EP, Nelson DW, Bellander BM. Secondary peaks of S100B in serum relate to subsequent radiological pathology in traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care 2014;20:217–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottesfeld Z, Moore AN, Dash PK. Acute ethanol intake attenuates inflammatory cytokines after brain injury in rats: a possible role for corticosterone. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002;19:317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AN, Romeo HE, Beylin AV, Tio DL, Rahman SU, Hovda DA. Alcohol consumption in traumatic brain injury: attenuation of TBI-induced hyperthermia and neurocognitive deficits. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002;19:1597–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opreanu RC, Kuhn D, Basson MD. Influence of alcohol on mortality in traumatic brain injury. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2010;210:997–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjibashi AA, Berry C, Ley EJ, Bukur M, Mirocha J, Stolpner D, Salim A. Alcohol is associated with a lower pneumonia rate after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Surgical Research 2012;173:212–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Nimer F, Thelin E, Nystrom H, Dring AM, Svenningsson A, Piehl F, Nelson DW, Bellander BM. Comparative assessment of the prognostic value of biomarkers in traumatic brain injury reveals an independent role for serum levels of neurofilament light. PLoS One 2015;10:e0132177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale GM, Pettigrew LE, Wilson JT, Murray G, Jennett B. Analyzing outcome of treatment of severe head injury: a review and update on advancing the use of the glasgow outcome scale. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998;15:587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons SJ, Rao S, Keininger DL, Hays RD. A comparative review of generic quality-of-life instruments. Pharmacoeconomics 2000;17:13–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulya K, Grant KA, Valverius P, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. Brain regional specificity and time-course of changes in the NMDA receptor-ionophore complex during ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 1991;547:129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurkovich GJ, Rivara FP, Gurney JG, Fligner C, Ries R, Mueller BA, Copass M. The effect of acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol abuse on outcome from trauma. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270:51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar