Critical neural targets for (the level of) human consciousness: Arousal arrest and unconsciousness after sumatriptan administration

References

• Dehaene S, Changeux JP. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 2011;70:200–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Esser SK, Singh H, Tononi G. Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science 2005;309:2228–2232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casali AG, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, Boly M, Sarasso S, Casali KR, Casarotto S, Bruno MA, Laureys S, Tononi G, Massimini M. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Science Translational Medicine 2013;5: 198ra105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tononi G. An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neuroscience 2004;5:42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ku SW, Lee U, Noh GJ, Jun IG, Mashour GA. Preferential inhibition of frontal-to-parietal feedback connectivity is a neurophysiologic correlate of general anesthesia in surgical patients. PLoS One 2011;6:e25155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksimow A, Silfverhuth M, Långsjö J, Kaskinoro K, Georgiadis S, Jääskeläinen S, Scheinin H. Directional connectivity between frontal and posterior brain regions is altered with increasing concentrations of propofol. PLoS One 2014;9:e113616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Werf YD, Witter MP, Groenewegen HJ. The intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus. Anatomical and functional evidence for participation in processes of arousal and awareness. Brain Research Reviews 2002;39:107–140.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann T, Hudetz AG. It is time to combine the two main traditions in the research on the neural correlates of consciousness: C = L × D. Frontiers in Psychology 2014;5:940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BE. Arousal systems. Frontiers in Bioscience 2003;8:s438–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang SH, Lim HW, Yeo SS. The neural connectivity of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the human brain: a diffusion tensor tractography study. Neuroscience Letters 2014;579:140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benarroch EE. The midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei: anatomic and functional specificity and implications in neurologic disease. Neurology 2008;71:944–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Liu X, Song W, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Ling F, Hudetz AG, Li SJ. Specific and nonspecific thalamocortical functional connectivity in normal and vegetative states. Consciousness and Cognition 2011;20:257–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Lauer KK, Ward BD, Li SJ, Hudetz AG. Differential effects of deep sedation with propofol on the specific and nonspecific thalamocortical systems: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Anesthesiology 2013;118:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurology 2004;3:537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel A, Magnin M, Jeanmonod D. Multiarchitectonic and stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1997;387:588–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy D, Norman C. What don’t we know? Science 2005;309:75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller G. What is the biological basis of consciousness? Science 2005;309:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann JD. Vascular syndromes of the thalamus. Stroke 2003;34:2264–2278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luigetti M, Di Lazzaro V, Broccolini A, Vollono C, Dittoni S, Frisullo G, Pilato F, Profice P, Losurdo A, Morosetti R, Testani E, Colicchio S, Della Marca G. Bilateral thalamic stroke transiently reduces arousals and NREM sleep instability. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2011;300:151–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percheron G. [Arteries of the human thalamus. II. Arteries and paramedian thalamic territory of the communicating basilar artery]. Revue Neurologique (Paris) 1976;132:309–324.
   Google Scholar
• Llinás RR, Paré D. Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 1991;44:521–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S. The neural correlate of (un)awareness: lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005;9:556–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Långsjö JW, Revonsuo A, Scheinin H. Harnessing anesthesia and brain imaging for the study of human consciousness. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014;20:4211–4224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Långsjö JW, Alkire MT, Kaskinoro K, Hayama H, Maksimow A, Kaisti KK, Aalto S, Aantaa R, Jääskeläinen SK, Revonsuo A, Scheinin H. Returning from oblivion: imaging the neural core of consciousness. Journal of Neuroscience 2012;32:4935–4943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskinoro K, Maksimow A, Georgiadis S, Långsjö J, Scheinin H, Karjalainen P, Jääskeläinen SK. Electroencephalogram reactivity to verbal command after dexmedetomidine, propofol and sevoflurane-induced unresponsiveness. Anaesthesia 2015;70:190–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boveroux P, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Noirhomme Q, Lauwick S, Luxen A, Degueldre C, Plenevaux A, Schnakers C, Phillips C, Brichant JF, Bonhomme V, Maquet P, Greicius MD, Laureys S, Boly M. Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Anesthesiology 2010;113:1038–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Lee HJ, Weitz AJ, Fang Z, Lin P, Choy M, Fisher R, Pinskiy V, Tolpygo A, Mitra P, Schiff N, Lee JH. Frequency-selective control of cortical and subcortical networks by central thalamus. eLife 2015;4:e09215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnulf I, Ferraye M, Fraix V, Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Goetz L, Pollak P, Debu B. Sleep induced by stimulation in the human pedunculopontine nucleus area. Annals of Neurology 2010;67:546–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solt K, Cotten JF, Cimenser A, Wong KF, Chemali JJ, Brown EN. Methylphenidate actively induces emergence from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2011;115:791–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemali JJ, Van Dort CJ, Brown EN, Solt K. Active emergence from propofol general anesthesia is induced by methylphenidate. Anesthesiology 2012;116:998–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie G, Deschamps A, Backman SB, Fiset P, Chartrand D, Dagher A, Plourde G. Critical involvement of the thalamus and precuneus during restoration of consciousness with physostigmine in humans during propofol anaesthesia: a positron emission tomography study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;106:548–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkire MT, McReynolds JR, Hahn EL, Trivedi AN. Thalamic microinjection of nicotine reverses sevoflurane-induced loss of righting reflex in the rat. Anesthesiology 2007;107:264–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff ND, Posner JB. Another “Awakenings”. Annals of Neurology 2007;62:5–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brefel-Courbon C, Payoux P, Ory F, Sommet A, Slaoui T, Raboyeau G, Lemesle B, Puel M, Montastruc JL, Demonet JF, Cardebat D. Clinical and imaging evidence of zolpidem effect in hypoxic encephalopathy. Annals of Neurology 2007;62:102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Katayama Y, Kobayashi K, Oshima H, Fukaya C, Tsubokawa T. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of vegetative state. European Journal of Neuroscience 2010;32:1145–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentín A, García Navarrete E, Chelvarajah R, Torres C, Navas M, Vico L, Torres N, Pastor J, Selway R, Sola RG, Alarcon G. Deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the treatment of generalized and frontal epilepsies. Epilepsia 2013;54:1823–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar