A review of the evidence of zolpidem efficacy in neurological disability after brain damage due to stroke, trauma and hypoxia: A justification of further clinical trials

References

• Clauss RP, Güldenpfennig WM, Nel HJ, Sathekge MM, Venkannagari RR. Extraordinary arousal from semi-comatose state on zolpidem: A case report. SAMJ. 2000;90(1):68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauss RP, van der Merwe CE, Nel HW. Arousal from a semi-comatose state on zolpidem. SAMJ. 2001;91(10):788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauss RP, Nel HW. Effect of zolpidem on brain injury and diaschisis as detected by 99mTc HMPAO brain SPECT in humans. Arzneimittelforschung. 2004;54(10):641–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg DL. Zolpidem treatment of Chronic Aphasia. Primary Psychiatry. 2004;11(4):12–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shadan FF, Poceta JS, Kline LE. Zolpidem for post-anoxic spasticity. Southern Med J. 2004;97(8):791–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Chaaban B, Haberl MO. Transient Improvement of Aphasia with Zolpidem. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(9):949–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brefel-Courbon C, Payoux P, Ory F, Sommet A, Slaoui T, Raboyeau G, Lemesle B, Puel M, Montastruc JL, Demonet JF, Cardebat D. Clinical and Imaging evidence of zolpidem effect in hypoxic encephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(1):102–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Rojas R, Machado C, Carbello M, Estevez M, Chinchlla M. Cambios. Acople Neurovascular Inducios por el zolpidem en el Estado Vegitivo Persistente: Estudio de RMN functional. IFMBE Proc. 33:539–42.
   Google Scholar
• Shames JL, Ring H. Transient reversal of anoxic brain injury-related minimally conscious state after zolpidem administration: A case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:386–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte J, Myers R. Incidence of clinically significant responses to zolpidem among patients with Disorders Of Consciousness: A preliminary placebo controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(5):410–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SI, Duong TT. Increased Arousal in a Patient with anoxic brain injury after administration of zolpidem. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(3):229–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du B, Shan A, Yang D, Xiang W. Induced arousal following zolpidem treatment in a vegetative state after brain injury in 7 cases: Analysis using visual single photon emission computerized tomography and digitized cerebral state monitor. Neurl Regener Res. 2008 ;3/1(94096):1673–5374.
   Google Scholar
• Adamiak G, Stetkiewicz A, Lewandowska A, Borkowska A. An extraordinary improvement of neurological condition following zolpidem administration to a patient with ischemic cerebellar stroke, secondary hydrocephalus and brain stem damage: a case report. Posttepy Psychiatr Neurol. 2009;18(3):303–6.
   Google Scholar
• Shyu C, Burke K, Souweidane MM, Dunkel IJ, Gilheeney SW, Gershon T, Khakoo Y. Novel use of zolpidem in cerebellar mutism syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33(2):148–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzl G, Biller A, Schuko S, Liepert J. Zolpidem in Vegetative State. Neurol Rehabil. 2009;15(1):23–7.
   Google Scholar
• Snyman N, Egan JR, London K, Howman-Giles R, Gill D, Gillis J, Scheinberg A. Zolpidem for persistent vegetative state – a placebo-controlled trial in pediatrics. Neuropediatrics. 2010 ;Oct:41(5):223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://sites.google.com/site/zolpidemtherapy/home.
   Google Scholar
• Machado C, Estévez M, Pérez-Nellar J, Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez R, Carballo M, Chinchilla M, Machado A, Portela L, García-Roca MC, Beltrán C. Autonomic, EEG, and Behavioral Arousal Signs in a PVS Case After Zolpidem Intake. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(2):341–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall SD, Yamawaki N, Fisher AE, Clauss RP, Woodhall GL, Stanford IM. GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit mediated desynchronization of elevated low frequency oscillations alleviates specific dysfunction in stroke – a case report. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(4):549–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyakale NE, Clauss RP, Nel HW, Sathekge MM. Clinical and Brain SPECT scan response to zolpidem in patients after brain damage. Arzneimittel Forschung. 2010;60(4);177–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams ST, Conte MM, Kobylarz EJ, Hersh JE, Victor JD, Schiff ND. Quantitative neurophysiologic characterization of a paradoxical response to zolpidem in a severely brain injured human subject. Soc Neuroscience Meeting 2009; Poster 541.6.
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu S, Autret K, Arnould A, S. Travers, S. Charveriat, C. Vandenhelsken, G. Jegousse, F. Genet, P. Azouvi Treatment of apathy with Zolpidem (Stilnox®): Two double-blind, placebo-controlled single case studies. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2011, ;54 S1: e214.
   Google Scholar
• Appu M, Noetzel M. Clinically significant response to zolpidem in disorders of consciousness secondary to Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis in a teenager: A Case Report. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;11:001.
   Google Scholar
• Akeju O, Brown EN. Awakened by a sleeping pill. Elife. 2013;2:e01658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Rojas R, Machado C, Alvarez L, Carballo M, Estevez M, Perez-Nellar J, Pavon N, Chinchilla M, Carrick FR, DeFina P. Zolpidem induces paradoxical metabolic and vascular changes in a patient with PVS. Brain Inj. 2013;27(11):1320–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isomura S, Monji A, Sasaki K, Baba S, Onitsuka T, Ohara T, Mizoguchi Y, Kato TA, Horikawa H, Seki Y, Kanba S. FTD with catatonia-like signs that temporarily resolved with zolpidem. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3;Aug4:354–7.
   Google Scholar
• Autret K, Arnould A, Mathieu S, Azouvi P. Transient improvement of post-stroke apathy with zolpidem: a single-case, placebo-controlled double-blind study. BMJ Case Rep. 2013; Feb 8:2013. bcr2012007816.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman KR, Bagayogo IP, Kaufman IH, et al. Zolpidem and anoxic encephalopathy: Prolonged treatment response. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2014 ;Feb:26(1):70–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrò RS1, Aricò I, De Salvo S, Conti-Nibali V, Bramanti P. Transient awakening from Vegetative State: is high-dose zolpidem more effective? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 ;Feb;69(2):122–3.
   Google Scholar
• Duraski SA. The importance of monitoring patients’ responses to medications: increased arousal after administration of zolpidem in those with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy – a case study. Rehab Nurs. 2015 ;Sep 24;232 doi: 10.1002/rnj.
   Google Scholar
• Nyakale NE, Clauss RP, Nel HW, Sathekge MM. 2011 Clinical and brain SPECT changes in stroke patients on zolpidem therapy. Funct Neurol Rehabil Ergonom. 2011;3:435–42.
   Google Scholar
• Williams ST, Conte MM, Goldfine AM, Noirhomme Q, Gosseries O, Thonnard M, Beattie B, Hersh, J, Katz DI, Victor JD. 2013 Common resting brain dynamics indicate a possible mechanism underlying zolpidem response in severe brain injury. Elife. 2013;Nov19;2;e01157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du B, Shan A, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Chen D, Cai K. Zolpidem Arouses Patients in Vegetative State After Brain Injury: Quantitative Evaluation and Indications. Am J Med Sci. 2014 ;Mar:347(3):178–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte J, Rajan R, Rosenbaum A, Katz D, Kalmar K, Seel R, Greenwald B, Zafonte R, Demarest D, Brunner R, Kaelin D. Zolpidem and restoration of consciousness. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Feb;93(2):101–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thonnard M, Gosseries O, Demertzi A, Lugo Z, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Chatelle C, Thibaut A, Charland-Verville V, Habbal D et al. Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: a prospective open-label study. Funct Neurol. 2014 ;Jan:11:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Chatelle C, Thibaut A, Gosseries O Bruno MA, Demertzi A, Bernard C, Hustinx R, Tshibanda L, Bahri MA, Laureys S. Changes in cerebral metabolism in patients with a minimally conscious state responding to zolpidem. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014; Dec 2;8:917.
   Google Scholar
• Machado C, Rodríguez R, Carballo M, Korein J, Sanchez-Catasus C, Pérez J, Leisman G. Brain anatomy, cerebral blood flow, and connectivity in the transition from PVS to MCS. Rev Neurosci. 2009;20(3–4):177–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P. When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ. 2007;334:349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kripke DF, Langer RD, Kline LE. Hypnotics’ association with mortality or cancer: a matched cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2: e000850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal AD, Erman M, Zammit GK, Soubrane C, Roth T. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Zolpidem Extended-Release 12.5 mg, Administered 3 to 7 Nights Per Week for 24 Weeks, in Patients With Chronic Primary Insomnia: A 6-Month, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study. Sleep. 2008;Jan1; 31(1):79–90.
   Google Scholar
• Singh R, McDonald C, Dawson K, Lewis S, Pringle AM, Smith S, Pentland B. Zolpidem in a minimally conscious state. Brain Inj. 2008; Jan;22(1):103–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyss PA, Radanovic D, Meier-Abt PJ. Acute overdose of zolpidem (Stilnox). Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996; May 4; 126(18):750–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrero-Hernández FJ, Ruiz-Veguilla M, López-López MI, Casado-Torres A. Epileptic seizures as a sign of abstinence from chronic consumption of zolpidem. Rev Neurol. 2002;34(3):253–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripodianakis J, Potagas C, Papageorgiou P, Lazaridou M, Matikas N. Zolpidem-related epileptic seizures: a case report. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18(3):140–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi PK, Khandelwal DC. Zolpidem at supra-therapeutic doses can cause drug abuse, dependence & withdrawal seizure. J Ass Phys India. 2005;53:139–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boulanger-Rostowsky L1, Fayet H, Benmoussa N, Ferrandi J. Dependence on zolpidem: a report of two cases Encephale. 2004; Mar–Apr;30(2):153–5.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng-Chen, Chang C-C, Wang W-F. High-Dose zolpidem withdrawal seizure in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(3):PCC.10l01114.
   Google Scholar
• Margetis K, Korfias SI, Gatzonis S, Boutos N, Stranjalis G, Boviatsis E, Sakas DE. Intrathecal Baclofen associated with improvement of consciousness in spasticity patients. Neuromodulation. 2014;17: 7:699–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sara M, Sacco S, Cipolla F, Onorati P, Scoppetta C, Albertini G, Carolei A. An unexpected recovery from permanent vegetative state. Brain Inj. 2007;21:101–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino JT, Whyte J, Bagiella E, Kalmar K, Childs N, Khademi A, M.D, Eifert B, Long D, Katz D, Cho S, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2012 ;March 1,366:819–26.
   Google Scholar
• Nyakale NE, Clauss RP, Nel HW Sathekge MM. Blood brain barrier integrity in a zolpidem responder patient S Afr Med J. 2012;31;102(10):790–1.
   Google Scholar
• Jarry C, Fontenas JP, Jonville-Bera AP, Autret-Leca E. Beneficial effect of zolpidem for dementia. Ann Pharmacoter. 2002;36(11):1808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauss RP, Sathekge M, Nel HW. Transient improvement of Spinocerebellar Ataxia with zolpidem. N Engl J Med. 2004;29,351(5):511–2.
   Google Scholar
• Miyazaki Y, Sako W, Asanuma K, Izumi Y, Miki T, Kaji R. Efficacy of zolpidem for dystonia: a study among different subtypes. Front Neurol. 2012;3:58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang HY, Hsu YT, Wu YC, Chiou SM, Kao CH, Tsai MC, Tsai CH. Zolpidem improves neuropsychiatric symptoms and motor dysfunction in a patient with Parkinson’s disease after deep brain stimulation. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2012;21(2):84–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warn O, Jankovic J. 2013 Zolpidem improves tardive dyskinesia and akathisia. Mov Disord. 2013;28(12):1748–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash SK. Zolpidem in progressive supranuclear palsyCase Rep Neurol Med. 2013 ;Article ID 250865.
   Google Scholar
• Hiu T, Farzampour Z, Paz JT, Wang EH, Badgely C, Olson A, Micheva KD, Wang G, Lemmens R, Tran KV, et al. Enhanced phasic GABA inhibition during the repair phase of stroke: a novel therapeutic target. Brain. 2016;139(2):468–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson AN, Huang BS, Macisaac SE, Mody I, Carmichael ST. Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke. Nature. 2010;468:305–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff ND. Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 2010 Jan; 33(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff ND, Posner JP. Another ‘Awakenings’. Annals of Neurology. 2007;62:5–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Savio Chan C, Yung WH. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of zolpidem in rat globus pallidus. Exp Neurol. 2004;186:212–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar