References
- NHS Digital. Accident and emergency attendances in England - 2013-14. 2015. accessed 25th February 2020. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/hospital-accident–emergency-activity/2013-14.
- NHS Digital. Hospital accident and emergency activity. 2020. accessed 5th December 2021. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/hospital-accident–emergency-activity/2019-20.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management CG176. London: NICE. Published January 2014.
- Susman M, DiRusso SM, Sullivan T, Risucci D, Nealon P, Cuff S, Haider A, Benzil D. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity. J Trauma-Injury, Infect Crit Care. 2002;53(2):219–24.doi:10.1097/00005373-200208000-00004.
- Thompson HJ, McCormick WC, Kagan SH. Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. J Am Geriatric So. 2006;54:1590–95.doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x.
- Ibanez J, Arikan F, Pedraza S, Sanchez S, Poca MA, Rodriguez D, Rubio E. Reliability of clinical guidelines in the detection of patients at risk following mild head injury: results of a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(5):825–34.doi:10.3171/jns.2004.100.5.0825.
- Kumar RG, Juengst SB, Wang Z, Dams-O’Connor K, Dikmen SS, O’Neil-Pirozzi TM, Dahdah MN, Hammond FM, Felix ER, Arenth PM, et al.Epidemiology of comorbid conditions among adults 50 years and older with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018;33(1):15–24.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000273.
- Munro PT, Smith RD, Park TR. Effect of patients’ age on management of acute intracranial hematoma: a prospective national study. Br Med J. 2002;325:1001.doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7371.1001.
- de Wit K, Merali Z, Kagoma Y, Mercier É. 2020. Incidence of intracranial bleeding in seniors presenting to the emergency department after a fall: a systematic review. Injury. 51(2):157–63. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2019.12.036
- Li J, Brown J, Levine M. Mild head injury, anticoagulants, and risk of intracranial injury. Lancet. 2001;357:771–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04163-5.
- Gittleman AM, Ortiz AO, Keating DP, Katz DS. Indications for CT in patients receiving anticoagulation after head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:603–06.
- Nishijima DK, Offerman SR, Ballard DW, Vinson DR, Chettipally UK, Rauchwerger AS, Reed ME, Holmes JF, et al. Immediate and delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in patients with head trauma and preinjury warfarin or clopidogrel use. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59:460–8.e7.
- O’Brien T, Mitra B, Le Sage N, Tardif PA, Emond M, D’Astous M, Mercier E. Clinically significant traumatic intracranial hemorrhage following minor head trauma in older adults: a retrospective cohort study. Brain Inj. 2020 May 11;34(6):834–39. doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1753242. Epub 2020 Apr 14. PMID: 32286890.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anticoagulation therapy commissioning guide (CG76). London: NICE; 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg76/resources/guide-for-commissioners-anticoagulation-therapy-328998097861
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management CG176. Published January 2014, Updated June 2017. accessed December 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176/resources/head-injury-assessment-and-early-management-pdf-35109755595493.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management CG176. Published January 2014, Updated September 2019. accessed December 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176.
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. Early management of patients with a head injury: a national clinical guideline: 110.2009.
- Mason S, Kuczawski M, Teare MD, Stevenson M, Goodacre S, Ramlakhan S, Morris F, Rothwell J. AHEAD Study: an observational study of the management of anticoagulated patients who suffer head injury. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e014324. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014324.
- Yates PJ, Williams WH, Harris A, Round A, Jenkins R. An epidemiological study of head injuries in a UK population attending an emergency department. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:699–701.doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.081901.
- Jager TE, Weiss HB, Coben JH, Pepe PE. Traumatic brain injuries evaluated in US emergency departments, 1992-1994. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:134–40.doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00515.x.
- NHS Digital. Hospital accident and emergency activity, 2017-18. 2018. accessed 25th February 2020. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/hospital-accident–emergency-activity/2017-18.
- Hawley C, Wilson J, Hickson C, Mills S, Ekeocha S, Sakr M. Epidemiology of paediatric minor head injury: comparison of injury characteristics with indices of multiple deprivation. Injury. 2013;44(12):1855–61.doi:10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.021.
- Office for National Statistics. Population estimates of those aged 16 to 64; 65 and over; 85 and over; for local areas, UK, 1992 to 2014. 2017. accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/004835populationestimatesofthoseaged16to6465andover85andoverforlocalareasuk1992to2014.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management CG176. accessed January 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176.
- Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2012) 2011 Census. accessed December 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census.
- National Health Service (NHS). Anticoagulant medications. 2022. accessed March 2022. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/.
- Hawley C, Sakr M, Scapinello S, Salvo J, Wrenn P. Traumatic brain injuries in older adults – six years of data for one UK trauma centre: retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Emerg Med J. 2017;34(8):emermed-2016–206506.doi:10.1136/emermed-2016-206506.
- Sterling DA, O’Connor JA, Bonadies J. Geriatric falls: severity is high and disproportionate to mechanism. J Trauma. 2001;50:116–19.doi:10.1097/00005373-200101000-00021.
- Thompson HJ, McCormick WC, Kagan SH. Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1590–95. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x.
- Boye NDA, Van Lieshout EMM, Van Beeck EF, Hartholt KA, Van der Camen TJM, Patka P. The impact of falls in the elderly. Trauma. 2012;15(1):29–35.doi:10.1177/1460408612463145.
- American College of Emergency Physicians. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Am Coll Emer Physicians; 2013. https://www.acep.org/globalassets/new-pdfs/policy-statements/geriatric-emergency-department-guidelines.pdf. (Accessed Dec 2021).
- Tinetti ME, Baker DI, King M, Gottschalk M, Murphy TE, Acampora D, Carlin BP, Leo-Summers L, Allore HG. Effect of dissemination of evidence in reducing injuries from falls. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:252–61.
- Smith K, Weeks S. The impact of pre-injury anticoagulation therapy in the older adult patient experiencing a traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10(58):4610–21. doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2012-429. PMID: 27820526.
- Ganetsky M, Lopez G, Coreanu T, Novack V, Horng S, Shapiro NI, Bauer KA. 2017. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage in ground-level fall with antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents. Acad Emer Med. 24(10):1258–66. doi:10.1111/acem.13217
- Shih RD, Ouslander JG. Intracranial hemorrhage in older adults: implications for fall risk assessment and prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May;68(5):953–55. doi:10.1111/jgs.16399.
- Lampart A, Kuster T, Nickel CH, Bingisser R, Pedersen V. Prevalence and severity of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in older adults with low-energy falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May;68(5):977–82. doi:10.1111/jgs.16400. Epub 2020 Mar 6. PMID: 32142155.
- Karr JE, Iverson GL, Isokuortti H, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Preexisting conditions in older adults with mild traumatic brain injuries. Brain Inj. 2021 Sep;21:1–9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34546830. doi:10.1080/02699052.2021.1976419
- Dams-O’Connor K, Gibbons LE, Landau A, Larson EB, Crane PK. 2016. Health problems precede traumatic brain injury in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 64(4):844–48. doi:10.1111/jgs.14014
- Gardner RC, Dams-O’Connor K, Morrissey MR, Manley GT. Geriatric traumatic brain injury: epidemiology, outcomes, knowledge gaps, and future directions. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35:889–906.doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5371.
- British Geriatric Society. The silver book. 2012. https://www.bgs.org.uk/blog/the-silver-book-guidelines-for-the-emergency-care-of-older-people.
- British Geriatric Society. The silver book II. 2021. https://www.bgs.org.uk/resources/resource-series/silver-book-ii.
- Deb S. ICD-10 codes detect only a proportion of all head injury admissions. Brain Injury. 1999;13:369–73.doi:10.1080/026990599121557.