Psychological flexibility moderates the influence of fear avoidance on outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury

References

• Ponsford J, Nguyen S, Downing M, Bosch M, McKenzie JE, Turner S, Chau M, Mortimer D, Gruen RL, Knott J, et al. Factors associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J Rehabil Med. 2019 4;51(1):32–39. doi:10.2340/16501977-2492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Gardner AJ, Brubacher JR, Panenka WJ, Li JJ, Iverson GL. Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015 15;32(8):517–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingsma HF, Yue JK, Maas AI, Steyerberg EW, Manley GT, Investigators Including -TRACK-TBI, Cooper SR, Dams-O’Connor K, Gordon WA, Menon DK, et al. Outcome prediction after mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury: external validation of existing models and identification of new predictors using the TRACK-TBI pilot study. J Neurotrauma. 2015 15;32(2):83–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Naalt J, Timmerman ME, de Koning ME, van der Horn HJ, Scheenen ME, Jacobs B, Hageman G, Yilmaz T, Roks, Spikmann, JM. Early predictors of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (UPFRONT): an observational cohort study. The Lancet. Neurology. 2017 Jul 1;16(7):532–40. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30117-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iverson GL. Etiology of the post-concussion syndrome: physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited. NeuroRehabilitation.1. 2011;29(4):317–29.doi:10.3233/NRE-2011-0708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wäljas M, Iverson GL, Lange RT, Hakulinen U, Dastidar P, Huhtala H, Liimatainen S, Hartikainen K, Öhman J. A prospective biopsychosocial study of the persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015 15;32(8):534–47. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polinder S, Cnossen MC, Real RG, Covic A, Gorbunova A, Voormolen DC, Master CL, Haagsma JA, Diaz-Arrastia R, Von Steinbuechel N. A multidimensional approach to post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2018 19;9: 1113. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iverson GL, Panenka W. Cogniphobia in mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017 1;34(13):2141–46. doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner JW, Theadom A, Mahon S, Snell DL, Barker-Collo S, Cunningham K. Psychological flexibility: a psychological mechanism that contributes to persistent symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury? Med Hypotheses. 2020 1;143: 110141. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijenberg ML, Stapert SZ, Verbunt JA, Ponsford JL, Van Heugten CM. Does the fear avoidance model explain persistent symptoms after traumatic brain injury? Brain Inj. 2017;31(12):1597–604.doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1366551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: 12 years on. Pain. 2012;153(6):1144–47.doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cima RF, Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW. Catastrophizing and fear of tinnitus predict quality of life in patients with chronic tinnitus. Ear Hear. 2011;32(5):634–41.doi:10.1097/AUD.0b013e31821106dd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Roussel N, Van Oosterwijck J, De Kooning M, Ickmans K, Struyf F, Meeus M, Lundberg M. Fear of movement and avoidance behaviour toward physical activity in chronic-fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: state of the art and implications for clinical practice. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(8):1121–29.doi:10.1007/s10067-013-2277-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijenberg ML, Stapert SZ, Köhler S, Bol Y. Explaining fatigue in multiple sclerosis: cross-validation of a biopsychosocial model. J Behav Med. 2016;39(5):815–22.doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9749-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JD, Bentley G. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception—I. Behav Res Ther. 1983 1;21(4):401–08. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90009-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijenberg ML, Hicks AJ, Downing MG, Van Heugten CM, Stapert SZ, Ponsford JL. Relevance of the fear-avoidance model for chronic disability after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020 15;37(24):2639–46. doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Panenka WJ, Iverson GL. Fear avoidance and clinical outcomes from mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018 15;35(16):1864–73. doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner JW, Snell DL, Shepherd D, Theadom A. Turning away from sound: the role of fear avoidance in noise sensitivity following mild traumatic brain injury. J Psychosom Res. 2021;151(151):110664.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassetta BD, Cairncross M, Brasher P, Panenka WJ, Silverberg ND. Avoidance and endurance coping after mild traumatic brain injury are associated with disability outcomes. Rehabil Psychol. 2021;66(2):160.doi:10.1037/rep0000372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra AR, Cairncross M, Yeates KO, Vranceanu AM, Greenberg J, Hunt C, Silverberg ND. Psychological mediators of avoidance and endurance behavior after concussion. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2021;66(4): 470–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell DL, Siegert RJ, Debert C, Cairncross M, Silverberg ND. Evaluation of the fear avoidance behavior after traumatic brain injury questionnaire. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(13):1566–73.doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells EM, Goodkin HP, Griesbach GS. Challenges in determining the role of rest and exercise in the management of mild traumatic brain injury. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(1):86–92.doi:10.1177/0883073815570152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iverson GL. Is rest after concussion “the best medicine?”: recommendations for activity resumption following concussion in athletes, civilians, and military service members. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013;28(4):634–41.doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e31825ad658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asken BM, Bauer RM, Guskiewicz KM, McCrea MA, Schmidt JD, Giza CC, Snyder AR, Houck ZM, Kontos AP, McAllister TW, et al. Immediate removal from activity after sport-related concussion is associated with shorter clinical recovery and less severe symptoms in collegiate student-athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(6):1465–74.doi:10.1177/0363546518757984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KJ, Leddy JJ, Guskiewicz KM, Seifert T, McCrea M, Silverberg ND, Feddermann-Demont N, Iverson GL, Hayden A, Makdissi M. Rest and treatment/rehabilitation following sport-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):930–34.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon KG, Drezner J, Gammons M, Guskiewicz K, Halstead M, Herring S, Kutcher J, Pana A, Putukian M, Roberts W. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(1):1–8.doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31827f5f93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall S, Bayley M, McCullagh S, Velikonja D, Berrigan L. Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien. 2012;58(3):257–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iaccarino MA, Panenka WJ, Iverson GL, McCulloch KL, Dams-O’Connor K, Reed N, McCrea M, Cogan AM, Graf MJ, et al. Management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury: a synthesis of practice guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(2):382–93.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey AG, Watkins E, Mansell W. Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: a transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. USA: Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Faustino B. Transdiagnostic perspective on psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2021;49(2):233–46.doi:10.1017/S1352465820000600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris L, Mansell W. A systematic review of the relationship between rigidity/flexibility and transdiagnostic cognitive and behavioral processes that maintain psychopathology. J Exp Psychopathol. 2018;9(3):2043808718779431.doi:10.1177/2043808718779431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin ME, MacLane C, Daflos S, Seeley JR, Hayes SC, Biglan A, Pistorello J. Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders. J Contextual Behav Res. 2014;3(3):155–63.doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.06.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes SC, Strosahl K, Wilson KG, Bissett RT, Pistorello J, Toarmino D, Polusny MA, Dykstra TA, Batten SV, Bergan J, et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model. Psychol Rec. 2004;54(4):553–78.doi:10.1007/BF03395492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(7):865–78.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011;42(4):676–88.doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doorley JD, Goodman FR, Kelso KC, Kashdan TB. Psychological flexibility: what we know, what we do not know, and what we think we know. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2020;14(12):1–1.doi:10.1111/spc3.12566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas JJ, Moore KA. Psychological flexibility: positive implications for mental health and life satisfaction. Health Promot Int. 2020;35(2):312–20.doi:10.1093/heapro/daz036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting DL, Deane FP, Ciarrochi J, McLeod HJ, Simpson GK. Validating measures of psychological flexibility in a population with acquired brain injury. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):415.doi:10.1037/pas0000050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner JW, Snell DL, Theadom A, Mahon S, Barker-Collo S. The role of psychological flexibility in recovery following mild traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2021;66(4):479.doi:10.1037/rep0000406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikmen S, Machamer J, Miller B, Doctor J, Temkin N. Functional status examination: a new instrument for assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18(2):127–40.doi:10.1089/08977150150502578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58(1):593–614.doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behav Res. 2015;50(1):1–22.doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm L, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Borg J. Summary of the WHO collaborating centre for neurotrauma task force on mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(3):137–41.doi:10.1080/16501970510027321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81.doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester M. Acceptance and commitment therapy for improving adaptive functioning in persons with a history of pediatric acquired brain injury. Reno: University of Nevada; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner JW, Snell DL, Theadom A, Mahon S, Barker-Collo S, Skirrow P. Psychological flexibility in mild traumatic brain injury: an evaluation of measures. Brain Inj. 2021;35(9):1103–11.doi:10.1080/02699052.2021.1959062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT. The rivermead post concussion symptoms questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242(9):587–92.doi:10.1007/BF00868811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üstün TB, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Rehm J, Kennedy C, Epping-Jordan J, Saxena S, Korff MV, Pull C. Developing the World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(11):815–23.doi:10.2471/BLT.09.067231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell DL, Siegert RJ, Silverberg ND. Rasch analysis of the World Health Organization disability assessment Schedule 2.0 in a mild traumatic brain injury sample. Brain Injury. 2020;34(5):610–18.doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1729417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: quantification, inference, and interpretation. Commun Monogr. 2018;85(1):4–0.doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz MS, MacKinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(3):233–39.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Preacher KJ 2013. Conditional process modeling: using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes.
   Google Scholar
• Band R, Barrowclough C, Caldwell K, Emsley R, Wearden A. Activity patterns in response to symptoms in patients being treated for chronic fatigue syndrome: an experience sampling methodology study. Health Psychol. 2017;36(3):264.doi:10.1037/hea0000422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenbring MI, Hallner D, Klasen B, Streitlein-Böhme I, Willburger R, Rusche H. Pain-related avoidance versus endurance in primary care patients with subacute back pain: psychological characteristics and outcome at a 6-month follow-up. Pain. 2012;153(1):211–17.doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenbring MI, Verbunt JA. Fear-avoidance and endurance-related responses to pain: new models of behavior and their consequences for clinical practice. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(9):747–53.doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e104f2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonidou C, Panayiotou G, Bati A, Karekla M. Coping with psychosomatic symptoms: the buffering role of psychological flexibility and impact on quality of life. J Health Psychol. 2019;24(2):175–87.doi:10.1177/1359105316666657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer TD, Smout MF, Delfabbro PH. The relationship between psychological flexibility, early maladaptive schemas, perceived parenting and psychopathology. J Contextual Behav Res. 2016;5(3):169–77.doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloster AT, Meyer AH, Lieb R. Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: evidence from a representative sample. J Contextual Behav Res. 2017;6(2):166–71.doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and commitment therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Gloster AT, Walder N, Levin ME, Twohig MP, Karekla M. The empirical status of acceptance and commitment therapy: a review of meta-analyses. J Contextual Behav Res. 2020;18:181–92.doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öst L-G. The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2014;61(61):105–21.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting D, Deane F, McLeod H, Ciarrochi J, Simpson G. Can acceptance and commitment therapy facilitate psychological adjustment after a severe traumatic brain injury? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019;30(7):1348–71.doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1583582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander AM, Clark AN, Arciniegas DB, Tran K, Leon-Novelo L, Ngan E, Bogaards J, Sherer M, Walser R. A randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological distress among persons with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2021;31(7):1105–29.doi:10.1080/09602011.2020.1762670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott TR, Hsiao YY, Kimbrel NA, DeBeer BB, Gulliver SB, Kwok OM, Morissette SB, Meyer EC. Resilience facilitates adjustment through greater psychological flexibility among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2019;64(4):383.doi:10.1037/rep0000282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg J, Singh T, Iverson GL, Silverberg ND, Macklin EA, Parker RA, Giacino JT, Yeh GY, Vranceanu AM. A live video mind-body treatment to prevent persistent symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury: protocol for a mixed methods study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2021;10(1):e25746.doi:10.2196/25746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica A, Dey A, Cairncross M, Silverberg N, Burke MJ. Neuropsychiatric treatment for mild traumatic brain injury: nonpharmacological approaches. Semin Neurol. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 2022;42(2):168–181. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1742143.
   Google Scholar
• Snell DL, Hay-Smith EJ, Surgenor LJ, Siegert RJ. Examination of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: the contribution of injury beliefs and leventhal’s common sense model. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2013;23(3):333–62.doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.758419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Creamer M, O’donnell ME, Silove D, Clark CR, McFarlane AC. Post-traumatic amnesia and the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009;15(6):862–67.doi:10.1017/S1355617709990671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar