Clinical characteristics and prognosis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with severe nontraumatic brain injury

References

• Baguley IJ, Perkes IE, Fernandez-Ortega JF, Rabinstein AA, Dolce G, Hendricks HT, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: consensus on conceptual definition, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria. J Eurotrauma. 2014;31(17):1515–20.doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield W. Diencephalic autonomic epilepsy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1929;22(1):358–74.doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1929.02220020174010.
   Google Scholar
• Rabinstein AA. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the neurological intensive care unit. Neurol Res. 2007;29(7):680–82.doi:10.1179/016164107X240071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramdhani NA, Sikma MA, Witkamp TD, Slooter AJ, de Lange DW, et al. Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia in a patient with tuberculous meningitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2010;4(1):304.doi:10.1186/1752-1947-4-304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh DK, Singh N. Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia in a child: rare manifestation of an interpeduncular tuberculoma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2011;47(4):275–78.doi:10.1159/000334276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talman WT, Florek G, Bullard DE. A hyperthermic syndrome in two subjects with acute hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(9):1037–40.doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520330129022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinson HE, Takahashi C, Altowaijri G, Baguley IJ, Bourdette D, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: an under-recognized association? Clin Auton Res. 2013;23(2):109–11.doi:10.1007/s10286-012-0184-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryzbylkowski PG, Dunkman WJ, Liu R, Chen L, et al. Case report: anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and its anesthetic implications. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(5):1188–91.doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31822b8a7d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder EK, McCall JC, Feeko KJ. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in an adult: an uncommon case of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. PM R. 2015;7(7):781–84.doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.02.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S, Jun GW, Jeon SB, Kim CJ, Kim JH, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in brainstem-compressing huge benign tumors: clinical experiences and literature review. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):340.doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1898-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohebbi MR, Punj P, Chandrasekaran PN, Newey CR, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after symptomatic hypogl-ycemia. Neurol India. 2017;65(1):189–90.doi:10.4103/0028-3886.198187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerkesI BIJ, Nott MT, Nott MT, Menon DK, et al. A review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(2):126–35.doi:10.1002/ana.22066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucca LF, Pignolo L, Leto E, Ursino M, Rogano S, Cerasa A, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity rate in vegetative or minimally conscious state after acquired brain injury evaluated by paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity assessment measure. Neurotrauma. 2019;36(16):2430–34.doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman JA, Patrick PD, Buck ML, RS R Jr. Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia after brain injury. Arch Neurol. 2004 Mar;61(3):321–28. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.3.321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendricks HT, Heeren AH, Vos PE. Dysautonomia after severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Sep;17(9):1172–77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02989.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinson HE, Puybasset L, Weiss N, Perlbarg V, Benali H, Galanaud D, Lasarev M, Stevens RD, et al. Neuroanatomical basis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a diffusion tensor imaging analysis. Brain Inj. 2015;29(4):455–61.doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.995229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Y, Zhu H, Chen H, Zhu Z, Zhou H, Zhang S, Gao L, Shi L, Li X, Luo Z, et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates acute paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Oncotarget. 2017;8(40):69012–19.doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathew MJ, Deepika A, Shukla D, Devi BI, Ramesh VJ, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(11):2047–52.doi:10.1007/s00701-016-2934-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel S, Lee M, Brown RJ, Choi HA, Baguley IJ, et al. Baguley IJ. Incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following traumatic brain injury using assessment tools. Brain Inj. 2018;32(9):1115–21.doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1482002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijck Mm, Sprengers MOP, Oldenbeuving MOP, van Eijck MM, de Vries J, Schoonman GG, Roks G, et al., The use of the PSH-AM in patients with diffuse axonal injury and autonomic dysregulation: a cohort study and review. J Crit Care. 2019;49:110–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyfroidt G, Baguley IJ, Menon DK. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: the storm after acute brain injury published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. Lancet Neurol. 2018Mar;16(9):721–29. 17 (3):203. 2017 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30259-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt SB, Rollnik JD, et al. Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study. BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):162.doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1399-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxe S, Terré R, León D, Bernabeu M, et al. How does dysautonomia influence the outcome of traumatic brain injured patients admitted in a neurorehabilitation unit? Brain Inj. 2013;27(12):1383–87.doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.823648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Ortega JF, Prieto-Palomino MA, Muñoz-López A, Lebron-Gallardo M, Cabrera-Ortiz H, Quesada-Garc??a G, et al. Prognostic influence and computed tomography findings in dysautonomic crises after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2006;61(5):1129–33.doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000197634.83217.80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):63–74.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70253-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel S, Allison TA, Lee K, Choi HA, et al. Pharmacologic management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after brain injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 2016;48(2):82–89.doi:10.1097/JNN.0000000000000207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shald EA, Reeder J, Finnick M, Patel I, Evans K, Faber RK, Gilbert BW. Pharmacological treatment for paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Crit Care Nurse. 2020 Jun 1;40(3):e9–e16. 10.4037/ccn2020348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RP G Jr, Silverman SB, Sims JR. Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia. Neurocrit Care. 2007;7(3):217–20.doi:10.1007/s12028-007-0066-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstetter JW, Ohman KL, Johnson DW, Gilbert BW. Management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity with dexmedetomidine and propranolol following traumatic brain injury in a pediatric patient. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2020 Mar;9(1):64–69. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1698758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Q, Wu X, Weng W, Li H, Feng J, Mao Q, Gao G, Jiang J. The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury patients who have undergone surgery: a retrospective study. PeerJ. 2017 Feb 15;5;e2986. 10.7717/peerj.2986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann AP, Grebenciucova E, Lukas RV. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, optimal management, and challenges. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:517–25.doi:10.2147/TCRM.S61967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar