Levetiracetam dosing for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care patients

References

• Szaflarski JP, Sangha KS, Lindsell CJ, Shutter LA.Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocrit Care. 2010;12(2):165–72.doi:10.1007/s12028-009-9304-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney N, Totten A, O’Reilly C, Ullman J, Hawryluk G, Bell M, Bratton S, Chesnut R, Harris O, Kissoon N, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6–15.doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly ES Jr., Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, Hoh BL, Kirkness CJ, Naidech AM, Ogilvy CS, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1711–37.doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Wilensky AJ, Keihm J, Chabal S, Winn HR.A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. New Engl J Med. 1990;323(8):497–502.doi:10.1056/NEJM199008233230801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang BS, Lowenstein DH.Practice parameter: antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology. Neurology. 2003;60(1):10–16.doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000031432.05543.14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KE, Puccio AM, Harshman KJ, Falcione B, Benedict N, Jankowitz BT, Stippler M, Fischer M, Sauber-Schatz EK, Fabio A, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(4):E3. E3. doi:10.3171/FOC.2008.25.10.E3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüegg S, Naegelin Y, Hardmeier M, Winkler DT, Marsch S, Fuhr P.Intravenous levetiracetam: treatment experience with the first 50 critically ill patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(3):477–80.doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller KL, Wang YY, Cook MJ, Murphy MA, D’Souza WJ.Tolerability, safety, and side effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen among craniotomy patients: a prospective randomized study. Epilepsia. 2013;54(1):45–57.doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03563.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel WM, Rowe AS.Long-term comparison of GOS-E scores in patients treated with phenytoin or levetiracetam for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(11):1440–44.doi:10.1177/1060028014549013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaba K, Menaker J, Branco BC, Gooch J, Okoye OT, Herrold J, Scalea TM, Dubose J, Demetriades D. A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(3):766–71. discussion 71-3. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182826e84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MB, Sattar A, Al Sherbini K.Survey of prophylactic antiseizure drug use for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2013;35(9):984–87.doi:10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamchandani RR, Fletcher JJ, Pandey AS, Rajajee V.Incidence of delayed seizures, delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome with the use of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(9):1507–13.doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2014.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruer RM, Harris LH, Goodwin H, Kornbluth J, Thomas KP, Slater LA, Haut ER.Changing trends in the use of seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: a shift from phenytoin to levetiracetam. J Crit Care. 2013;28(5):883.e9–13.doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.11.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan TA, Hurwitz S, Bromfield EB.Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after supratentorial neurosurgery. Neurology. 2008;71(9):665–69.doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324624.52935.46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy-Human T, Welch E, Zipfel G, Diringer MN, Dhar R.Comparison of short-duration levetiracetam with extended-course phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2011;75(2):269–74.doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2010.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah D, Husain AM.Utility of levetiracetam in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seizure. 2009;18(10):676–79.doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2009.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbaugh LA, Lindsell CJ, Shutter LA, Szaflarski JP.Initial EEG predicts outcomes in a trial of levetiracetam vs. fosphenytoin for seizure prevention. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;23(3):280–84.doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS.Phenytoin versus levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury – a meta analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12(1):30.doi:10.1186/1471-2377-12-30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiani B, Andraos C, Mabry I, Siddiqi J.A Comparison of Seizure Prophylaxis: phenytoin Versus Levetiracetam. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e14956–e.doi:10.7759/cureus.14956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang T, Valdes E, Frontera JA.Levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2022;36(1):248–58.doi:10.1007/s12028-021-01296-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvie D, Mahmoud SH.Therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam in select populations. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;21(1s):149s–76s.doi:10.18433/jpps30081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazama A, Ziechmann R, Arul M, Krishnamurthy S, Galgano M, Chin LS.The effect of keppra prophylaxis on the incidence of early onset, post-traumatic brain injury seizures. Cureus. 2018;10(5):e2674.doi:10.7759/cureus.2674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewolfe JL, Szaflarski JP. Levetiracetam use in the critical care setting. Front Neurol. 2013;4:121.doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer DD, Jacobi J, Juenke JM, Fleck JD, Kays MB.Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous levetiracetam in neurocritical care patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(10):934–41.doi:10.1592/phco.31.10.934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook AM, Arora S, Davis J, Pittman T.Augmented renal clearance of vancomycin and levetiracetam in a traumatic brain injury patient. Neurocrit Care. 2013;19(2):210–14.doi:10.1007/s12028-013-9837-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilbao-Meseguer I, Barrasa H, Rodríguez-Gascón A, Asín-Prieto E, Maynar J, Sánchez-Izquierdo JÁ, Solinís MÁ, Isla A.Optimization of levetiracetam dosing regimen in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance: a monte carlo simulation study. J Intensive Care. 2022;10(1):21.doi:10.1186/s40560-022-00611-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinn RJ, Aljoghaiman MS, Sharma SV. Levetiracetam vs phenytoin prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 2022;27:101394.doi:10.1016/j.inat.2021.101394.
   Google Scholar
• Zampella B, Patchana T, JGt W, Brazdzionis J, Billings M, Archambeau B, Avila A, Wang J, Wacker M, Miulli DE.Seizure prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury: a comparative study of levetiracetam and phenytoin cerebrospinal fluid levels in trauma patients with signs of increased intracranial pressure requiring ventriculostomy. Cureus. 2019;11(9):e5784.doi:10.7759/cureus.5784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen E, Creel-Bulos C, Willman M, Keeperman J.943: high- versus low-dose levetiracetam seizure prophylaxis for mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(1):455.doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000528950.75491.1b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman K, Kram B, Schultheis J, Sigmon J, Kaleem S, Yang Z, Vatsaas C, Komisarow J.1305: evaluation of levetiracetam dosing strategies for seizure prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(1):659.doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000731108.11792.13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patanwala AE, Kurita A, Truong E.Low-dose levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2016;30(2):156–58.doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1089596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannaram S, Borra D, Pulluri M, Jindal P, Sharma A.Levetiracetam-induced acute psychotic episode. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 2012;9(10):10–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yi Z-M, Wen C, Cai T, Xu L, Zhong X-L, Zhan S-Y, Zhai S-D. Levetiracetam for epilepsy: an evidence map of efficacy, safety and economic profiles. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2018;15:1–19.doi:10.2147/NDT.S181886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright C, Downing J, Mungall D, Khan O, Williams A, Fonkem E, Garrett D, Aceves J, Kirmani B. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Front Neurol. 2013;4:192.doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppra ® [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc.; 2009.
   Google Scholar