Sodium aescinate ameliorates chronic neuropathic pain in male mice via suppressing JNK/p38-mediated microglia activation

References

• Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):807–19. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70143-5. Epub 2010/07/24. PubMed PMID: 20650402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnerup NB, Kuner R, Jensen TS. Neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to treatment. Physiol Rev. 2021;101(1):259–301. doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2019. Epub 2020/06/26. PubMed PMID: 32584191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbrah AK, Nunes AP, Hume AL, Zhao D, Jesdale BM, Bova C, Lapane KL. Prevalence and treatment of neuropathic pain diagnoses among U.S. nursing home residents. Pain. 2022;163(7):1370–77. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002525. Epub 2021/10/30. PubMed PMID: 34711763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurba KN, Chaudhry R, Haroutounian S. Central neuropathic pain syndromes: current and emerging pharmacological strategies. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(5):483–516. doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00914-4. Epub 2022/05/06. PubMed PMID: 35513603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilron I, Baron R, Jensen T. Neuropathic pain: principles of diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(4):532–45. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.018. Epub 2015/04/07. PubMed PMID: 25841257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda M. Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain. J Diabetes Investig. 2016;7(1):17–26. doi:10.1111/jdi.12379. Epub 2016/01/28. PubMed PMID: 26813032; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4718109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue K, Tsuda M. Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19(3):138–52. doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.2. Epub 2016/01/28. PubMed PMID: 26813032; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4718109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi MH, Liu YU, Liu K, Chen T, Bosco DB, Zheng J, Xie M, Zhou L, Qu W, Wu L-J, et al. Chemogenetic manipulation of microglia inhibits neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;92:78–89. PubMed PMID: 33221486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7897256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen DV, Hanson JE, Sheng M. Microglia in Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Biol. 2018;217(2):459–72. doi:10.1083/jcb.201709069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho MS. Microglia in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1175:335–53. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_13. Epub 2019/10/05. PubMed PMID: 31583594.
   Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Choi J, Yoon BE. Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells. 2020;9(10):2176. doi:10.3390/cells9102176. Epub 2020/10/01. PubMed PMID: 32992620; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7601502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong E, Li Y, Deng M, Hua T, Yang M, Li J, Feng X, Yuan H. Glycometabolism reprogramming of glial cells in central nervous system: novel target for neuropathic pain. Front Immunol. 2022;13:861290. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.861290. Epub 2022/06/08. PubMed PMID: 35669777; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9163495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohno K, Shirasaka R, Yoshihara K, Mikuriya S, Tanaka K, Takanami K, Inoue K, Sakamoto H, Ohkawa Y, Masuda T, et al. A spinal microglia population involved in remitting and relapsing neuropathic pain. Science (New York, NY). 2022;376(6588):86–90. doi:10.1126/science.abf6805. Epub 2022/04/01. PubMed PMID: 35357926.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Yang L. Chinese herbal medicine: fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection on all fronts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;270:113869. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869. Epub 2021/01/25. PubMed PMID: 33485973; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7825841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Fei M, Wang H, Zhu Y. Sodium aescinate provides neuroprotection in experimental traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Brain Res Bull. 2020;157:26–36. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.019. Epub 2020/02/06. PubMed PMID: 32014567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Xu B, Li CR, Zhang MM, Wu SJ, Dang WJ, Liu JC, Sun SG, Zhao W. Anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of sodium aescinate on retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13(10):1546–53. doi:10.18240/ijo.2020.10.06. Epub 2020/10/21. PubMed PMID: 33078103; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7511392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Cao G, Sha L, Wang D, Liu M. The efficacy of sodium aescinate on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats. Inflammation. 2015;38(5):1942–8. doi:10.1007/s10753-015-0174-5. Epub 2015/04/24. PubMed PMID: 25903967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Qin F, Wu F, Feng H, Yang Q, Hou L, Peng M, Zhou B, Tang L, Hou C, et al. Sodium aescinate significantly suppress postoperative peritoneal adhesion by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Phytomed: Inter J Phytothera And Phytopharmacol. 2020;69:153193. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153193. Epub 2020/03/03. PubMed PMID: 32120245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 1988;33(1):87–107. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90209-6. Epub 1988/04/01. PubMed PMID: 2837713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyrzanowska J, Piechal A, Blecharz-Klin K, Joniec-Maciejak I, Zobel A, Widy-Tyszkiewicz E. Influence of long-term administration of rutin on spatial memory as well as the concentration of brain neurotransmitters in aged rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(4):808–16. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70876-9. Epub 2012/10/23. PubMed PMID: 23087133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhassira D. Neuropathic pain: Definition, assessment and epidemiology. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2019;175(1–2):16–25. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.09.016. Epub 2018/11/06. PubMed PMID: 30385075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli E, Mammana S, Nicoletti F, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The neuropathic pain: an overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2019;33:2058738419838383. doi:10.1177/2058738419838383. Epub 2019/03/23. PubMed PMID: 30900486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6431761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szok D, Tajti J, Nyári A, Vécsei L, Trojano L. Therapeutic approaches for peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Behav Neurol. 2019;2019:1–13. doi:10.1155/2019/8685954. Epub 2019/12/25. PubMed PMID: 31871494; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6906810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Li Z, Zou Y, Yang J, Li L, Xu X, Schmalzing G, Nie H, Li G, Liu S, et al. Gallic acid alleviates neuropathic pain behaviors in rats by inhibiting P2X7 receptor-mediated NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:680139. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680139. PubMed PMID: 34512324; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8423904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Yang R, Ju Q, Liu S, Zhang Y, Ma Y. Clinical effects of joint application of β-sodium aescinate and mannitol in treating early swelling after upper limb trauma surgery. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(5):3320–2. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3743. Epub 2016/11/25. PubMed PMID: 27882156; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5103786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan XJ, Guo K, Xiao B, Zi XH, Song Z. Effects of sodium aescinate on bcl-2 and caspase-3 expression and apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. J Central South Univ Med Sci. 2005;30(3):261–5, 75. Epub 2005/07/28. PubMed PMID: 16045009.
   Google Scholar
• Tozaki-Saitoh H, Tsuda M. Microglia-neuron interactions in the models of neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;169:113614. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.016. Epub 2019/08/25. PubMed PMID: 31445020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda M. Microglia in the CNS and neuropathic pain. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1099:77–91. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1756-9_7. Epub 2018/10/12. PubMed PMID: 30306516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye G, Lin C, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Chen Y, Kong L, Yuan L, Ma T. Quercetin alleviates neuropathic pain in the rat CCI model by mediating AMPK/MAPK pathway. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1289–301. doi:10.2147/jpr.s298727. Epub 2021/05/28. PubMed PMID: 34040433; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8141401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng KI, Chen SL, Hsu JH, Cheng YC, Chang YC, Lee CH, Yeh J-L, Dai Z-K, Wu B-N. Loganin prevents CXCL12/CXCR4-regulated neuropathic pain via the NLRP3 inflammasome axis in nerve-injured rats. Phytomed: Inter J Phytothera Phytopharmacol. 2021;92:153734. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153734. Epub 2021/09/19. PubMed PMID: 34536822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Deeb NK, El-Tanbouly DM, Khattab MA, El-Yamany MF, Mohamed AF. Crosstalk between PI3K/AKT/KLF4 signaling and microglia M1/M2 polarization as a novel mechanistic approach towards flibanserin repositioning in parkinson’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;112:109191. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109191. Epub 2022/09/03. PubMed PMID: 36055034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Ji L, Chen Y. TSPO modulates IL-4-Induced microglia/macrophage M2 polarization via PPAR-γ pathway. J Mol Neurosci. 2020;70(4):542–9. doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01454-1. Epub 2019/12/28. PubMed PMID: 31879837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Jiang Y, Li J, Wang Y, Tian Y, Guo Q, Cheng Z. DUSP1 promotes microglial polarization toward M2 phenotype in the medial prefrontal cortex of neuropathic pain rats via inhibition of MAPK pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021;12(6):966–78. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00567. Epub 2021/03/06. PubMed PMID: 33666084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan J, Fei Y. Lidocaine ameliorates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain through regulating M1/M2 microglia polarization. Open Med (Warsaw, Poland). 2022;17(1):897–906. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0480. Epub 2022/06/02. PubMed PMID: 35647302; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9106111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhou LJ, Wang J, Li D, Ren WJ, Peng J, Wei X, Xu T, Xin W-J, Pang R-P, et al. TNF-α differentially regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and spinal cord by microglia-dependent mechanisms after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci. 2017;37(4):871–81. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2235-16.2016. Epub 2017/01/27. PubMed PMID: 28123022; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5296781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Bai L, Zhou W, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li L, Jiang M, Mi Y, Li T-T, Zhang X, et al. PARP-1-regulated TNF-α expression in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:482–96. Epub 2020/04/14. PubMed PMID: 32283287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Wang F, Zhang L, Sun T, Fu Z. Intrathecal injection of ozone alleviates CCI‑induced neuropathic pain via the GluR6‑NF‑κB/p65 signalling pathway in rats. Mol Med Rep. 2021;23(4). doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.11870. Epub 2021/02/05. PubMed PMID: 33537798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li QY, Xu HY, Yang HJ. [Effect of proinflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β, IL-6 on neuropathic pain]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2017;42(19):3709–12. doi:10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170907.004. Epub 2017/12/14. PubMed PMID: 29235283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang QQ, Li HN, Zhang ST, Yu YL, Wei W, Zhang X, Wang J-Y, Zeng X-Y. Red nucleus IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Neuropathology: Off J Jap Soc Neuropathol. 2020;40(4):347–57. doi:10.1111/neup.12653. Epub 2020/05/08. PubMed PMID: 32380573.
   Google Scholar
• Kassouf T, Sumara G. Impact of conventional and atypical MAPKs on the development of metabolic diseases. Biomol. 2020;10(9):1256. doi:10.3390/biom10091256. Epub 2020/09/03. PubMed PMID: 32872540; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7563211.
   Google Scholar
• Kim EK, Choi EJ. Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2010;1802(4):396–405. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.009. Epub 2010/01/19. PubMed PMID: 20079433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Zhang D, Ge X, Zhu X, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Peng X, Shen A. TRAF6-p38/JNK-ATF2 axis promotes microglial inflammatory activation. Exp Cell Res. 2019;376(2):133–48. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.005. Epub 2019/02/15. PubMed PMID: 30763583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riego G, Redondo A, Leánez S, Pol O. Mechanism implicated in the anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects induced by the activation of heme oxygenase 1/carbon monoxide signaling pathway in the central nervous system of mice with neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;148:52–63. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.007. Epub 2017/12/17. PubMed PMID: 29247614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Guo H, Song A, Huang J, Zhang Y, Jin S, Li S, Zhang L, Yang C, Yang P, et al. Progranulin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization via NF-кB and MAPK pathways. BMC Immunol. 2020;21(1):32. doi:10.1186/s12865-020-00355-y. Epub 2020/06/07. PubMed PMID: 32503416; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7275413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar