Racial and ethnic differences in the association between mild traumatic brain injury and work duty limitations in the US military

References

• Council on Foreign Relations. Demographics of the U.S. Military 2020 [updated July 13, 2020]. accessed: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/demographics-us-military.
   Google Scholar
• Tanielian T, Jaycox LH. Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Egede LE, Dismuke C, Echols C. Racial/Ethnic disparities in mortality risk among US veterans with traumatic brain injury. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(S2):S266–S271. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kysar-Moon A, Mustillo S. Race/Ethnicity and traumatic brain injury: are there disparities in positive screenings and diagnoses among service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq? Armed Forces Soc. 2019;45(1):155–176. doi:10.1177/0095327X18761852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer M, Nick TG, Sander AM, Hart T, Hanks R, Rosenthal M, High WM, Yablon SA. Race and productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury: influence of confounding factors. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18(5):408–24. doi:10.1097/00001199-200309000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defense Health Agency. Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence. https://www.health.mil/ReferenceCenter/Publications/2020/07/31/ICD10CodingGuidanceforTBI (accessed on 23 October 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Richard P, Patel N, Gedeon D, Hyppolite R, Younis M. Common symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury and work functioning of active-duty service members with a history of deployment. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2021;18(15):8079. doi:10.3390/ijerph18158079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazarian JJ, Pope C, McClung J, Cheng YT, Flesher W. Ethnic and racial disparities in emergency department care for mild traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(11):1209–17. doi:10.1197/S1069-6563(03)00491-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Rosenthal M, DeLuca J, Cifu DX, Hanks R, Komaroff E. Functional outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: how do Hispanics fare? Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2007;88(1):11–8. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart T, Whyte J, Polansky M, Kersey-Matusiak G, Fidler-Sheppard R. Community outcomes following traumatic brain injury: impact of race and preinjury status. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20(2):158–72. doi:10.1097/00001199-200503000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Ketchum JM, Williams K, Kreutzer JS, de la Plata CDM, O’Neil-Pirozzi TM, Wehman P. Racial differences in employment outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2008;89(5):988–95. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Rosenthal M, Deluca J, Komaroff E, Sherer M, Cifu D, Hanks R. Traumatic brain injury and functional outcomes: does minority status matter? Brain Inj. 2007;21(7):701–08. doi:10.1080/02699050701481597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafi S, De La Plata CM, Diaz-Arrastia R, Bransky A, Frankel H, Elliott AC, Parks J, Gentilello LM. Ethnic disparities exist in trauma care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2007;63(5):1138–42. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181568cd4.
   Google Scholar
• Staudenmayer KL, Diaz-Arrastia R, de Oliveira A, Gentilello LM, Shafi S. Ethnic disparities in long-term functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2007;63(6):1364–69. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31815b897b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano D, Pereira AP, Wu M-Y, Ho H, Chan F. Service patterns related to successful employment outcomes of persons with traumatic brain injury in vocational rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation. 2006;21(4):279–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander AM, Pappadis MR, Davis LC, Clark AN, Evans G, Struchen MA, Mazzei DM. Relationship of race/ethnicity and income to community integration following traumatic brain injury: investigation in a non-rehabilitation trauma sample. NeuroRehabilitation. 2009;24(1):15–27. doi:10.3233/NRE-2009-0450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson MLC, Elliott TR, Bogner J, Dreer LE, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Kolakowsky-Hayner SA, Pretz CR, Lequerica A, Perrin PB. Trajectories of life satisfaction over the first 10 years after traumatic brain injury: race, gender, and functional ability. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2016;31(3):167–79. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Ketchum JM, Lewis AN, Krch D, Gary KW, Dodd BA, Jr. Racial and ethnic disparities in employment outcomes for persons with traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal investigation 1-5 years after injury. PM&R. 2011;3(12):1083–91. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974;304(7872):81–84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0.
   Google Scholar
• Malec JF, Brown AW, Leibson CL, Flaada JT, Mandrekar JN, Diehl NN, Perkins PK. The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(9):1417–24. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badjatia N, Carney N, Crocco TJ, Fallat ME, Hennes HMA, Jagoda AS, Jernigan S, Letarte PB, Lerner EB, Moriarty TM, et al. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(sup1):S1–52. doi:10.1080/10903120701732052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaratti C, Leonardi M, Sattin D, Schiavolin S, Willems M, Raggi A. Work-related difficulties in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review on predictors and associated factors. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(9):847–55. doi:10.3109/09638288.2016.1162854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer JS, Marwitz JH, Walker W, Sander A, Sherer M, Bogner J, Fraser R, Bushnik T. Moderating factors in return to work and job stability after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18(2):128–38. doi:10.1097/00001199-200303000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defense Health Agency. Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence. accessed: https://health.mil/About-MHS/OASDHA/Defense-Health-Agency/Research-and-Development/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Center-of-Excellence.
   Google Scholar