The relationship between sexual abuse and mild traumatic brain injury

References

• HARRINGTON, D., MALEC, J., CICERONE, K., et al. Current perceptions of rehabilitation pro-fessionals towards mild traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74: 579–586, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• MATEER, C.: Systems of care for post-concussive syndrome. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews, 6: 143–160, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• KARZMARK, p., HALL, K, and ENGLANDER, J.: Late-onset post-concussion symptoms after mild brain injury: the role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors. Brain Injury, 9: 21–26, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• RASKIN, S., MATEER, C. and TWEETEN, R.: Neuropsychological assessment of individuals with mild traumatic brain injury. Paper presented at the International Neuropsychological Society, Angiers, France, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• SHERMAN, A. and PETTY, F.: Neurochemical basis of the action of antidepressants on learned helplessness. Behavioral Neural Biology, 30: 119–134, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• GLAVIN, G.: Stress and brain nonadrenaline: a review. Behavioral Neuroscience Reviews, 9: 233–243, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• SIMSON, P. and WEISS, J.: Altered activity of the locus coeruleus in an animal model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1: 287–295, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• TSOD A. and TANAKA, M.: Differential changes in noradrenaline turnover in specific regions of rat brain produced by controllable and uncontrollable shocks. Behavioral Neuroscience, 99: 802–807, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• VAN DER KOLK, B., GREENBERG, M. and BovD, H.: Inescapable shock neurotransmitters, and addictions to trauma: toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry, 20: 314–325, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• YEHUDA, R., SOUTHWICK, S., GILLER, E. et al. Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 180: 321–325, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• SAPORTA, J. and CASE, J.: The role of medications in treating adult survivors of childhood trauma. In P. Paddison (editor) Treatment of Adult Survivors of Incest (American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC), pp. 101–134, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• YEHUDA, R., KAHANA, B., BINDER-BAYNES, K. et al.: Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152: 982–986, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• KOLE, L.: Neuropsychological hypothesis explaining posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144: 989–995, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• DE BELLIS, M., LEFTER, L., TRIcKETT, P. et al.: Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33: 320–327, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• CHARNEY, D., DEUTCH, A., KR_YSTAL, H. et al.: Psychobiological mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50: 294–305, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• BREMNER, J., RANDALL, P., SCOT T. et al.: MRI-based measurement of hippocampul Volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152: 973–981, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• GIL, T., CALEV, A., GREENBER_G, D. et al.: Cognitive functioning in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3: 29'15, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• SULKER, P., VASTERLING, J., BRAILEY, K. et al.: Memory, attention, and executive deficits in POW survivors: contributing biological and psychological factors. Neuropsychology, 9: 118–125, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• DINKLAGE, D. and GRODZINSKY, G.: Neuropsychological deficits in severely sexually abused chil-dren. Poster presented at the twenty-first annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Galveston, TX, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• DIXON, C., TAFT, W. and HAYES, R.: Mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8: 1–12, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• PADEN, A., DEMEDIUK, P., PANTER_, S. et al.: The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science, 244: 798–800.
   Google Scholar
• TAKAHASHI, H., MANAKA, S. and SAN°, K.: Changes in extracellular potassium concentration in cortex and brain stem during the acute phase of experimental closed head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 55: 708–717, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• MILLER, L., LYETH, B. and JENKINS, L.: Excitatory amino acid receptor subtype binding following traumatic brain injury. Brain research, 526: 103–107, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• LYETH, B. and HAYES, R.: Cholinergic and opioid mediation of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 9S: 463–474, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• KAY, T., HARRINGTON, D., ADAMS, R. et al.: Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8: 86–87, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• BECK, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M. et al.: An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4: 561–571, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• BECK, A.: Beck Anxiety Inventory (Psychological Corporation, New York), 1997.
   Google Scholar
• DER_OGATIS, L.: SCL-90-R. (Clinical Psychometric Research, Towson, MD), 1983.
   Google Scholar
• McNAIR, D., LokR, M. and DROPPLEMAN, L.: EDITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States (Educational and Industrial Service, San Diego, CA), 1981.
   Google Scholar
• HOROWITZ, M., WILNER, N. and ALVAR_EZ, W.: Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41: 209–218, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• BLAKE, D., WEATHERS, F., NAGY, L. et al.: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (National Center for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral Science, and Neuroscience, Boston, West Haven), 1990.
   Google Scholar
• MOLLICA, R., CASPI-YAVIN, y., BOLLINI, P. et al.: The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: validation as a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 180: 111–116, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• BERNSTEIN, E. and PUTNAM, F.: Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation sca1e.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 174: 727–735, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• NEUGARTEN, B., HAVIGHURST, R. and TOBIN, S.: The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16: 134–143, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• SARNO, J., SARNO, M. and LEVITA, E.: The functional life scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 54: 214–220, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• LEVIN, H., HIGH, W., GOETHE, K. et al.: The Neurobehavioral Rating Scale assessment of the behavioral sequelae of head injury by the clinician.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 48: 556–563, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• GRONWALL, D.: Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44: 367–373, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• PETERSON, L. and PETERSON, M.: Short-term retention of the individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58: 193–198, 1959.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH, A.: Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Manual (Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA), 1973.
   Google Scholar
• REY, A.: L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique. Archives de Psychologie, 28: 286–340, 1941.
   Google Scholar
• SHIPLEY, W.: Shipley Institute of Living Scales (Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA), 1939.
   Google Scholar
• BLAIR, J. and SPREEN, 0.: Predicting premorbid IQ: a revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical neuropsychologist, 3: 129–136, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• WECHSLER, D.: WAIS-R Manual (Psychological Corporation, New York), 1981.
   Google Scholar
• DELIS, D., KRAMER, J., KAPLAN, E. et al.: California Verbal Learning Test (Psychological Corporation, New York), 1983.
   Google Scholar
• SOHLBERG, M. and MATEER, C.: Attention Process Test. (Association for Research and Development in Neuropsychology, Puyallup, WA), 1989.
   Google Scholar
• GRANT, D. and BERG, E.: A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38: 404–411, 1948.
   Google Scholar
• GRONWALL, D.: Minor head injury. Neuropsychology, 5: 253–265, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• KAY, T.: Neuropsychological diagnosis: disentangling the multiple determinants of functional disability after mild traumatic. In L. Horn and N. Zasler (editors) Rehabilitation of Post-Concussive Disorders (Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA), pp. 109–128, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• DAVIDOFF, D., KESSLER, H., LAIBSTAIN, D. et al.: Neurobehavioral sequelae of minor head injury: a consideration of post-concussive syndrome versus post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 6: 8–13, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• FISHER, J. and WILLIAMS, A.: A neuropsychological investigation of mild head injury: Ensuring diagnostic accuracy in the assessment process. Seminars in Neurology, 14: 53–59, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• SANDEL, M., WEISS, B. and IVKER, B.: Multiple personality disorder: Diagnosis after a traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71: 523–525, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• MOORE, A., STAMBR_OOK, M. and GILL, D.: Coping patterns in long-term outcome from traumatic brain injury among female survivors. Poster presented at the twenty-first annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Galveston, TX, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• BLANCHARD, H., HICKLING, E., TAYLOR, A. et al.: Psychiatric morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 174: 727–735, 1986.
   Google Scholar