Gradient perception of children’s productions of /s/ and /θ/: A comparative study of rating methods

References

• Barr, D., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1–7, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, S. R., & McNutt, J. C. (1990). An acoustic analysis of frontal misarticulation on /s/ in children. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 51–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijur, P. E., Silver, W., & Gallagher, E. J. (2001). Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8, 1153–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, A., Widin, G., & Viemeister, N. F. (1977). Noncategorical perception of stop consonants differing in VOT. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62, 961–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, H. (1973). The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 12, 335–359.
   Google Scholar
• Cline, S., Johnson, A., Beckman, M.E., Edwards, J., & Munson, B. (2015). Child-Level Factors & Acquisition of the /t/-/k/ Contrast: Perception. Poster presentation at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Denver, CO, November 12.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards J. & Beckman, M. E. (2008). Methodological questions in studying phonological acquisition. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22, 937–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, K., Weismer, G., Elbert, M., & Dinnsen, D. A. (1994). Spectral analysis of target-appropriate /t/ and /k/ produced by phonologically disordered and normally articulating children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 8, 267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, K., Weismer, G., Hodge, M., Dinnsen, D. A., & Elbert, M. (1990). Statistical analysis of word-initial /k/ and /t/ produced by normal and phonologically disordered children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 4, 327–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, C., & Raftery, A. E. (2002). Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis, and density estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 97, 611–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fudala, J. B., & Reynolds, W. M. (1986). Arizona articulation proficiency scale, 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, E. J., Liebman, M., & Bijur, P. E. (2001). Prospective validation of clinically important changes in pain severity measured on a visual analog scale. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 38, 633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierut, J., & Dinnsen, D. A. (1986). On word-initial voicing: converging sources of evidence in phonologically disordered speech. Language and Speech, 29, 29–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewlett, N. (1988) Acoustic properties of /k/ and /t/ in normal and phonologically disordered speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 2, 29–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday, J., Reidy, P., Beckman, M., & Edwards, J. (2015). Quantifying the robustness of the English sibilant fricative contrast in children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58, 622–637.
   Google Scholar
• Jongman, A., Wayland, R., & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108, 1252–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongman, A. (1989). Duration of fricative noise required for identification of English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85, 1718–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julien, H., & Munson, B. (2012). Modifying speech to children based on their perceived phonetic accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55, 1836–1849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, P., Mikos, M., & Ganong, W. (1981). A cross-language study of range of voice onset time in the perception of initial stop voicing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70, 1261–1271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R. D. (1996). Hearing and believing: some limits to the auditory-perceptual assessment of speech and voice disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 5, 7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kempster, G. B., Gerratt, B. R., Verdolini Abbott, K., Barkmeier-Kraemer, J., & Hillman, R. E. (2009). Consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice: Development of a standardized clinical protocol. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 124–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P, & Christensen, R. (2013). lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version 2.0–0. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lmerTes
   Google Scholar
• Ladd, D. R. (2011). 2011. Phonetics in phonology. In J. Goldsmith, J. Riggle, & A. Yu (Eds.), Handbook of phonological theory, 2nd ed. (pp. 348–373). New York: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Li, F., Edwards, J., & Beckman, M. E. (2009). Contrast and covert contrast: The phonetic development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese toddlers. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 111–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., Munson, B., Edwards, J., Yoneyama, K., & Hall, K. C. (2011). Language specificity in the perception of voiceless sibilant fricatives in Japanese and English: Implications for cross-language differences in speech-sound development. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129, 999–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, J. L. & Bookshester, J. (1973). Children’s phonetic learning in the laboratory: Judgmental or real? Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 16, 667–670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mack, S., & Munson, B. (2012). The association between /s/ quality and perceived sexual orientation of men’s voices: implicit and explicit measures. Journal of Phonetics, 40, 198–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macken, M., & Barton, D. (1980). The acquisition of the voicing contrast in English: a study of voice onset time in word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language, 7, 41–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, V., & Repp, B. (1980). Influence of vocalic context on perception of the [ʃ]-[s] distinction. Perception and Psychophysics, 28, 213–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massaro, D., & Cohen, M. (1983). Categorical or continuous speech perception: a new test. Speech Communication, 2, 15–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister Byun, T., Halpin, P., & Harel, D. (2015). Crowdsourcing for gradient ratings of child speech: Comparing three methods of response aggregation. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Glasgow, UK: the University of Glasgow. Retrieved from https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0935.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McAllister Byun, T., Halpin, P. F., & Szeredi, D. (2015). Online crowdsourcing for efficient rating of speech: A validation study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 53, 70–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M., & Aslin, R. (2002). Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access, Cognition, 86, B33–B42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, E. M., & Weismer, G. (1982). The contribution of phonological, acoustic, and perceptual techniques to the characterization of a misarticulating child’s voice contrast for stops. Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone, R. & Proffitt, W. R. (1973). Patterns of tongue contact in normal and lisping speakers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 16, 456–476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macrae, T., Tyler, A., & Lewis, K. (2014). Lexical and phonological variability in preschool children with speech sound disorder. American Journal of Speech-language Pathology, 23(1),27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae, T., & Sosa, A. (2015). Predictors of token-to-token inconsistency in preschool children with typical speech-language development. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 29, 922–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., & Brinkman, K. N. (2004). The effect of multiple presentations on judgments of children’s speech production accuracy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13, 341–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., Edwards, J., Schellinger, S. K., Beckman, M. E., & Meyer, M. K. (2010). Deconstructing phonetic transcription: covert contrast, perceptual bias, and an extraterrestrial view of Vox Humana. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 24, 245–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., Johnson, J., & Edwards, J. (2012). The role of experience in the perception of phonetic detail in children’s speech: A comparison of speech-language pathologists with clinically untrained listeners. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24, 124–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., McDonald, E. C., DeBoe, N. L., & White, A. R. (2006). Acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men’s sexual orientation from read speech. Journal of Phonetics, 34, 202–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., & Urberg Carlson, K. (2015). An exploration of methods for rating children’s productions of sibilant fricatives. Speech, Language, and Hearing (in Press).
   Google Scholar
• Pisoni, D., & Tash, J. (1974). Reaction times to comparisons within and across phoneme categories. Perception and Psychophysics, 15(2), 285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, D., McGrath, P., Rafii, A., & Buckingham, B. (1983). The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain, 17, 45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, E. K. (1972). When are speech sounds learned? Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 37, 55–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, W., Eschmann, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Scobbie, J., Gibbon, F., Hardcastle, W. J., & Fletcher, P. (2000). Covert contrasts as a stage in the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. In M. Broe & J. Pierrehumbert (Eds.), Papers in Laboratory phonology V: Language acquisition and the lexicon (pp. 194–207). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, A., Hand, L., Freilinger, J. J., Bernthal, J., & Bird, A. (1990). The Iowa Articulation Norms Project and its Nebraska replication. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 779–798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoel-Gammon, C. (2001). Transcribing the speech of young children. Topics in Language Disorders, 21, 12–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbergsson, S., Salvi, G., & House, D. (2015). Acoustic and perceptual evaluation of category goodness of /t/ and /k/ in typical and misarticulated children’s speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137, 3422–3435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toscano, J., McMurray, B., Dennhardt, J., & Luck, S. (2010). Continuous perception and graded categorization: Elecrophysiological evidence for a graded relationship between the acoustic signal and perceptual encoding of speech. Psychological Science, 21, 1532–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, A. A., Figurski G. R., & Langdale, T. (1993). Relationships between acoustically determined knowledge of stop place and voicing contrasts and phonological treatment progress. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 746–759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• You, H.-Y. (1979). An Acoustic and Perceptual Study of English Fricatives. MSc. Thesis, University of Edmonton, Edmonton, Canada.
   Google Scholar