869
Views
141
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Exploring the Strength of Association between the Components of Emotion Syndromes: The Case of Surprise

Pages 1-38 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

References

  • Averill , J. R. 1980 . “ A constructivist view of emotion ” . In Emotion: Theory, research, and experience , Edited by: Plutchik , R. and Kelterman , H. Vol. 1 , 305 – 339 . New York : Academic .
  • Barry , R. J. 1982 . Novelty and significance effects in the fractionation of phasic OR mea sures: A synthesis with traditional OR theory . Psychophysiology , 19 : 28 – 35 .
  • Barry , R. J. 1990 . The orienting response: Stimulus factors and response measures . Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science , 25 : 93 – 103 .
  • Barry , R. J. and James , A. L. 1981 . Fractionation of phasic responses in a dishabituation paradigm . Physiology and Behavior , 26 : 69 – 75 .
  • Blurton Jones , N. G. and Konner , M. J. 1971 . An experiment on eyebrow-raising and visual searching in children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 11 : 233 – 240 .
  • Bortz , J. , Lienert , G. A. and Boehnke , K. 1990 . Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik [Nonparametric methods in biostatistics] , Berlin : Springer .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Uchino , B. N. , Crites , S. L. , Snydersmith , M. A. , Smith , G. , Berntson , G. G. and Lang , P. J. 1992 . Relationship between facial expressiveness and sympathetic activation in emotion: A critical review, with emphasis on modeling underlying mechanisms and individual differences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 110 – 128 .
  • Charlesworth , W. R. 1964 . Instigation and maintenance of curiosity behavior as a function of surprise versus novel and familiar stimuli . Child Development , 35 : 1169 – 1186 .
  • Carroll , J. B. 1961 . The nature of the data, or how to choose a correlation coefficient . Psychometrika , 26 : 347 – 372 .
  • Carroll , J. M. and Russell , J. A. 1997 . Facial expressions in Hollywood's portrayal of emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 164 – 176 .
  • Chovil , N. 1991 . Social determinants of facial displays . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 15 : 141 – 154 .
  • Cohen , J. 1960 . A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales . Educational and Psychologi cal Measurement , 20 : 37 – 46 .
  • Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 1987 . “ From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missing link ” . In The latest on the best. Essays on evolution and optimallty , Edited by: Dupré , J. Vol. 11 , 277 – 306 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Darwin , C. 1965 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press . Original work published 1872
  • Davidson , RJ. 1992 . Prolegomina to the structure of emotion: Gleanings from neuropsy chology . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 245 – 268 .
  • Dawes , R. 1979 . The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making . American Psychologist , 34 : 571 – 582 .
  • Ekman , P. Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation . Edited by: Cole , J. Vol. 19 , pp. 207 – 283 . . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
  • Ekman , P. 1992 . An argument for basic emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 169 – 200 .
  • Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1975 . Unmasking the face , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1978 . Facial action coding system , PaIo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Ekman , P. , Friesen , W. V. and Ellsworth , P. 1982 . “ Does the face provide accurate information? ” . In Emotion in the human face , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Ekman , P. 56 – 110 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Fazio , R. H. 1990 . “ A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research ” . In Research methods in personality and social psychology , Edited by: Hendrick , C. and Clark , M. S. 74 – 97 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Frijda , N. H. , Ortony , A. , Sonnemans , J. and Clore , G. L. 1992 . “ The complexity of intensity: Issues concerning the structure of emotion intensity ” . In Review of Personality and Social Psychology , Edited by: Clark , M. S. Vol. 13 , 60 – 89 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Fridlund , A. J. 1994 . Human facial expression: An evolutionary view , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Frois-Wittmann , J. 1930 . The judgment of facial expression . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 8 : 113 – 151 .
  • Green , D. P. , Goldman , S. L. and Salovey , P. 1993 . Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 1029 – 1041 .
  • Guerin , B. 1986 . Mere presence effects in humans: A review . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 22 : 38 – 77 .
  • Harman , G. 1989 . “ The inference to the best explanation ” . In Readings in the philosophy of science , Edited by: Brody , R. and Grandy , R. 323 – 328 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Hodgson , R. and Rachman , S. 1974 . Desynchrony in measures of fear . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 12 : 319 – 326 .
  • Hess , U. , Banse , R. and Kappas , A. 1995 . The intensity of facial expression is determined by underlying affective state and social situation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 280 – 288 .
  • Hiatt , S. W. , Campos , J. J. and Emde , R. N. 1979 . Facial patterning and infant emotional expression: Happiness, surprise, and fear . Child Development , 50 : 1020 – 1035 .
  • Izard , C. E. 1977 . Human emotions , New York : Plenum .
  • Karabinus , R. A. 1975 . The r-point biserial limitation . Education and Psychological Mea surement , 35 : 277 – 282 .
  • Landis , C. 1924 . Studies of emotional reactions: II. General behavior and facial expression . Journal of Comparative Psychology , 4 : 447 – 509 .
  • Lang , P. J. 1988 . “ What are the data of emotion? ” . In Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation , Edited by: Hamilton , V. , Bower , G. H. and Frijda , N. J. 173 – 191 . Dortrecht : Kluwer .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lazarus , R. S. , Averill , J. R. and Opton , E. M. Jr. 1970 . “ Toward a cognitive theory of emotion ” . In Feelings and emotions , Edited by: Arnold , M. B. 207 – 232 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Lazarus , R. S. , Speisman , J. C. , Mordkoff , A. M. and Davison , L. A. 1962 . A laboratory study of psychological stress produced by a motion picture film . Psychological Monographs , 76 whole No. 553
  • Lazarus , R. S. , Speisman , J. C. and Mordkoff , A. M. 1963 . The relationship between auto nomie indicators of psychological stress: Heart rate and skin conductance . Psychosomatic Medicine , 25 : 19 – 30 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. , Tomita , M. , Opton , E. M. Jr. and Kodama , M. 1966 . A cross-cultural study of stress reaction patterns in Japan . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 4 : 622 – 633 .
  • Leventhal , H. 1984 . “ A perceptual-motor theory of emotion ” . In Ad vances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 17 , 117 – 182 . New York : Academic Press .
  • McDougall , W. 1960 . An introduction to social psychology , London : Methuen . Original work published 1908
  • McGhee , P. E. 1977 . “ Children's humour: A review of current research trends ” . In It's a funny thing, humour , Edited by: Chapman , A. J. and Food , H. C. 199 – 209 . Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Meyer , W.-U. , Niepel , M. , Rudolph , U. and Schützwohl , A. 1991 . An experimental analysis of surprise . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 295 – 311 .
  • Meyer , W.-U. and Niepel , M. 1994 . “ Surprise ” . In Encyclopedia of human behavior , Edited by: Ramachandran , V. S. Vol. 4 , 353 – 358 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Meyer , W.-U. , Niepel , M. and Schützwohl , A. 1994 . “ Überraschung und Attribution [Surprise and attribution] ” . In Attributionstheorie, Grundlagen und Anwendungen , Edited by: Försterling , F. and Stiensmeier-Pelster , J. 105 – 121 . Gottingen : Hogrefe .
  • Meyer , W.-U. , Schützwohl , A. and Reisenzein , R. 1997 . Einführung in die Emotionspsycho logie: II: Evolutionspsychologische Emotionstheorien [Introduction to the psychology of emotions: II: Evolutionary-psychological theories] , Bern : Huber .
  • Meyer , W.-U. , Reisenzein , R. and Schützwohl , A. 1997b . Towards a process analysis of emotions: The case of surprise . Motivation and Emotion , 21 : 251 – 274 .
  • Mondkowsky , I. 1996 . Effekte des sozialen Kontextes auf den Ausdruck von Überraschung [Effects of social context on the expression of surprise] , University of Bielefeld . Unpublished diploma thesis
  • Mordkoff , A. M. 1964 . The relationship between psychological and physiological response to stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 26 : 135 – 150 .
  • Neter , J. and Wasserman , W. 1974 . Applied linear statistical models , Homewood, IL : Irwin .
  • Niepel , M. 1996 . Reaktionen auf unerwartete Ereignisse [Reactions to unexpected events] , University of Bielefeld . Unpublished dissertation
  • Niepel , M. , Rudolph , U. , Schützwohl , A. and Meyer , W.-U. 1994 . Temporal characteristics of the surprise reaction induced by schema-discrepant visual and auditory events . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 433 – 452 .
  • Opton , E. M. Jr. , Rankin , N. O. and Lazarus , R. S. 1965 . A simplified method of heart rate measurement . Psychophysiology , 2 : 87 – 97 .
  • Parrott , W. G. and Gleitman , H. 1989 . Infants' expectations in play: The joy of peek-a-boo . Cognition and Emotion , 3 : 291 – 311 .
  • Plutchik , R. 1980 . Emotion. A psychoevolutionary synthesis , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Rachman , S. and Hodgson , R. I. 1974 . Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 12 : 311 – 318 .
  • Reisenzein , R. 1999 . Effects of data analysis strategy on the strength of association between components of the surprise syndrome , University of Bielefeld . Manuscript
  • Reisenzein , R. and Bördgen , S. 1998 . Evidence for strong dissociation between emotion and facial displays: The case of surprise , University of Bielefeld . Manuscript
  • Reisenzein , R. , Meyer , W.-U. and Schützwohl , A. Reactions to surprising events: A paradigm for emotion research . Proceedings of the 9th conference of the International Society for Research on Emotions . Edited by: Frijda , N. pp. 292 – 296 . Toronto : ISRE .
  • Reisenzein , R. and Mondkowsky , I. Effects of sociality and emotion intensity on the nonverbal display of surprise in prep
  • Roseman , I. J. Why these appraisals? Anchoring appraisal models to research on emotional behavior and related response systems . Proceedings of the 9th conference of the International Society for Research on Emotions . Edited by: Frijda , N. pp. 106 – 110 . Toronto : ISRE .
  • Rosenberg , E. L. and Ekman , P. 1994 . Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 88 : 201 – 229 .
  • Ruch , W. 1990 . Die Emotion Erheiterung: Ausdrucksformen und Bedingungen (The emotion of exhilaration: Forms of expression and eliciting conditions) , Germany : Department of Psychology, University of Düsseldorf . Unpublished Habilitation thesis
  • Ruch , W. 1995 . Will the real relationship between facial expression and affective experience please stand up: The case of exhilaration . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 33 – 58 .
  • Schmidt-Atzert , L. 1993 . Die Entstehung von Gefühlen: Vom Auslöser zur Mitteilung [The generation of feelings: From eliciting stimulus to verbal report] , Berlin : Springer .
  • Schützwohl , A. 1998 . Surprise and schema strength . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 24 : 1182 – 1199 .
  • Schützwohl , A. and Reisenzein , R. 1998 . Children's and adults' reactions to a schema discrepant event: A developmental analysis of surprise . International Journal for Behavioral Development , 23 : 37 – 62 .
  • Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 293 – 317 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Shand , A. F. 1920 . The foundations of character , London : Macmillan .
  • Siddle , D. A. T. and Jordan , J. 1993 . Effects of intermodality change on electrodermal orient ing and on the allocation of processing resources . Psychophyslology , 30 : 429 – 435 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Scott , H. S. 1997 . “ A componential approach to the meaning of facial expression ” . In The psychology of facial expression , Edited by: Russell , J. A. and Fernandez-Dols , J . 229 – 254 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Stiensmeier-Pelster , J. , Martini , A. and Reisenzein , R. 1995 . The role of surprise in the attribution process . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 5 – 31 .
  • Tassinary , L. G. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1992 . Unobservable facial actions and emotion . Psycho logical Science , 3 : 28 – 33 .
  • Theios , J. and Amrhein , P. C. 1989 . Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial stimuli: Reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons . Psycho logical Review , 96 : 5 – 24 .
  • Tooby , J. and Cosmides , L. 1990 . The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments . Ethology and Socloblology , 11 : 375 – 424 .
  • Vasey , M. W. and Thayer , J. F. 1987 . The continuing problem of false positives in repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: A multivariate solution . Psychophyslology , 24 : 479 – 486 .
  • Wallbott , H. G. and Ricci-Bitti , P. 1993 . Decoders' processing of emotional facial expres sion-a top-down or bottom-up mechanism? . European Journal of Social Psychology , 23 : 427 – 443 .
  • Weinstein , J. , Averill , J. R. , Opton , E. M. Jr. and Lazarus , R. S. 1968 . Defensive style and discrepancy between self-report and physiological indexes of stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 10 : 406 – 413 .
  • Wheldalt , K. and Mittler , P. 1976 . Eyebrow-raising, eye widening and visual search in nursery school children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 17 : 57 – 62 .
  • Wundt , W. 1896 . Grundriss der Psychologie [Outlines of Psychology] , Leipzig : Engelmann .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.