References
- Allison , S. T. , Messick , D. M. and Goethals , G. R. 1989 . On being better but not smarter than others: The Mohammad AIi effect . Social Cognition , 7 : 215 – 295 .
- Averill , J. R. 1982 . Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion , New York : Springer .
- Block , J. 1957 . Studies in the phenomenology of emotions . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 54 : 358 – 363 .
- Briggs , J. L. 1970 . Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Brislin , R. , Cushner , C. , Cherrie , C. and Young , M. 1986 . Intercultural interactions: A practical guide , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Cousins , S. 1989 . Culture and selfhood in Japan and the U.S . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 124 – 131 .
- Cross , S. E. and Madson , L. 1997 . Models of the self: Self-construals and gender . Pyscholo- gical Bulletin , 122 : 5 – 37 .
- Diener , E. and Diener , M. 1995 . Cross-cultural corrleates of life satisfaction and self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 653 – 663 .
- DeRivera , J. 1984 . “ The structure of emotional relationships ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships, and health , Edited by: Shaver , P. 116 – 145 . Beverley Hills, CA : Sage .
- DeRivera , J. and Grinkis , C. 1986 . Emotions as social relationships . Motivation and Emotion , 10 : 351 – 369 .
- Dittman , A. T. 1972 . Interpersonal messages of emotion , New York : Springer .
- Doi , L. T. 1973 . The anatomy of dependence , Tokyo : Kodansha .
- Ekman , P. 1984 . “ Expression and the nature of emotion ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. and Ekman , P. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Ellsworth , P. C. 1994 . “ Sense, culture, and sensibility ” . In Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence , Edited by: Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 23 – 50 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Fair , R. M. 1997 . Roots of modern social psychology (1872–1954) , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Science .
- Fiske , A. P. , Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. and Nisbett , R. E. 1998 . “ The cultural matrix of social psychology ” . In The handbook of social psychology , 4th ed. , Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. , Fiske , S. T. and Lindzey , G. Vol. 2 , 915 – 981 . New York : McGraw Hill .
- Greenwald , A. C. 1980 . The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history . American Psychologist , 35 : 603 – 618 .
- Harter , S. 1990 . “ Causes, correlates and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective ” . In Competence considered , Edited by: Sternberg , R. J. and Koltigian , J. Jr. 67 – 97 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
- Heine , S. J. and Lehaman , D. R. 1995 . Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 595 – 607 .
- Heine , S. J. , Lehamn , D. R. , Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. in press . Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? . Psychological Review ,
- Holland , D. and Quinn , N. 1987 . Cultural models in language and thought , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Izard , C. E. 1993 . Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes . Psychological Review , 100 : 68 – 90 .
- Josephs , R. A. , Markus , H. R. and Tafarodi , R. W. 1992 . Gender differences in the sources of self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 391 – 402 .
- Kemper , T. D. 1978 . A social interactional theory of emotions , New York : Wiley .
- Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 1994 . Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 1999 . “ Yin and yang of the Japanese self: The cultural psychology of personality coherence ” . In The coherence of personality: Social cognitive bases of personality consistency, variability, and organization , Edited by: Cervone , D. and Shoda , Y. 242 – 302 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. “ The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being ” . In Subjective well-being across cultures , Edited by: Diener , E. and Suh , E. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . in press
- Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. and Matsumoto , H. 1995 . “ A cultural perspective on selfconscious emotions ” . In Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride , Edited by: Tangney , J. P. and Fisher , K. W. 439 – 464 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. , Matsumoto , H. and Norasakkunkit , V. 1997 . Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 1245 – 1267 .
- Kitayama , S. and Masuda , T. 1994 . Reappraising cognitive appraisal from a cultural perspective . Psychological Inquiry , 6 : 217 – 223 .
- Kitayama , S. , Takagi , H. and Matsumoto , H. 1994 . Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of the Japanese self . Japanese Psychological Review , 38 : 247 – 280 .
- Kondo , D. 1990 . Crafting selves: Power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
- Kwan , V. S. Y. , Bond , M. H. and Singelis , T. M. 1997 . Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 1038 – 1051 .
- Lebra , R. S. 1976 . Japanese pattern of behavior , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
- Leung , K. and Bond , M. H. 1984 . The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 793 – 804 .
- Levy , R. I. 1984 . “ Emotion, knowing, and culture ” . In Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion , Edited by: Shweder , R. A. and LeVine , R. A. 214 – 237 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Lutz , C. 1988 . Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
- Lutz , C. and White , G. M. 1986 . The anthropology of emotions . Annual Review of Anthropology , 15 : 405 – 436 .
- Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1991a . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
- Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . “ Cultural variation in self-concept ” . In Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self , Edited by: Goethals , G. R. and Strauss , J. 18 – 48 . New York : Springer .
- Markus , H. R. , MuIIaIy , P. R. and Kitayama , S. 1997 . “ Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation ” . In The conceptual self in context , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Jopling , D. 13 – 60 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Matsumoto , H. and Kitayama , S. 1998 . False uniqueness effect in Japan and the United States: Effects of culture and domains , Kyoto University . Unpublished manuscript
- Matsumoto , H. and Kitayama , S. Self-criticism in Japan . Paper presented at the 3rd meeting of the Asian Association of Social Psychology . Taipei.
- Mesquita , B. and Frijda , N. H. 1992 . Cultural variations in emotions: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 179 – 204 .
- Miller , J. G. , Bersoff , D. M. and Harwood , R. L. 1990 . Perceptions of social responsibilities in India and in the United States: Moral imperatives or personal decisions? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 33 – 46 .
- Muramoto , Y. and Yamaguchi , S. 1997 . Another type of self-serving bias: Coexistence of self-effacing and group-serving tendencies in attribution in the Japanese culture . Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 37 : 65 – 75 .
- Myers , D. 1996 . Social psychology , 5th ed , New York : McGraw Hill .
- Oatley , K. 1993 . “ Social construction in emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , J. M. 341 – 352 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Parkinson , B. 1995 . Ideas and realities of emotion , London : Routledge .
- Plutchik , R. 1980 . Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis , New York : Harper & Row .
- Potter , S. H. 1988 . The cultural construction of emotion in rural Chinese social life . Ethos , 16 : 181 – 208 .
- Reisenzein , R. and Hofmann , T. 1990 . An investigation of dimensions of cognitive appraisal in emotion using the repertory grid technique . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 1 – 26 .
- Rosenberger , N. R. 1992 . Japanese sense of self , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Russell , J. A. 1980 . A circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1161 – 1178 .
- Russell , J. A. 1991 . Culture and the categorization of emotions . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 426 – 450 .
- Schwartz , S. H. 1992 . “ Universals in the structure and content of values ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 25 , 1 – 65 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
- Schwartz , S. H. and Bilsky , W. 1990 . Toward a theory of the universal content of structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
- Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , Kirson , D. and O'Connor , C. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
- Shweder , R. A. and Bourne , E. J. 1984 . “ Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? ” . In Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion , Edited by: Shweder , R. A. and LeVine , R. A. 158 – 199 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Shweder , R. A. and LeVine , R. A. , eds. 1984 . Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Solomon , R. C. 1976 . The passions: The myth and nature of human emotions , Notre Dame, IN : University of Notre Dame Press .
- Solomon , S. , Greenberg , J. and Pyszczynski , T. 1992 . “ A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological foundation of self-esteem and cultural worldviews ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 24 , 93 – 159 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
- Steele , C. 1988 . “ The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 21 , 181 – 227 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
- Suh , E. , Diener , E. , Oishi , S. and Triandis , H. C. 1998 . The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 482 – 493 .
- Takata , T. 1987 . Self-deprecative tendencies in self-evaluation through social comparison . Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 27 : 27 – 36 .
- Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
- Tesser , A. 1986 . “ Some effects of self-evaluation maintenance on cognition and action ” . In Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior , Edited by: Sorrentino , R. M. and Higgins , E. T. 435 – 464 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Triandis , H. C. 1989 . The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts . Psychological Review , 96 : 506 – 520 .
- White , G. M. 1994 . “ Affecting culture: Emotion and morality in everyday life ” . In Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence , Edited by: Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 219 – 239 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Wierzbicka , A. 1994 . “ Emotion, language, and “cultural scripts” . In Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence , Edited by: Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 133 – 196 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Wylie , R. 1979 . The self concept: Vol. 2. Theory and research on selected topics , Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
- Zuckerman , M. 1979 . Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory . Journal of Personality , 47 : 245 – 287 .