2,344
Views
376
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions

Pages 577-606 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

References

  • Adam , A. 1989 . An uncommon scold , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Albert , S. and Kessler , S. 1976 . Processes for ending social encounters. The conceptual archaeology of a temporal place . Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior , 6 : 147 – 170 .
  • Albert , S. and Kessler , S. 1978 . Ending social encounters . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 : 541 – 553 .
  • Ariely , D. 1998 . Combining experiences over time: The effects of duration, intensity changes and on-line measurements on retrospective pain evaluations . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 11 : 19 – 45 .
  • Ariely , D. and Carmon , Z. in press . Gestalt characteristics of experiences: The defining features of summarized events . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making ,
  • Barren , L. F. 1997 . The relationships among momentary emotion experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 1100 – 1110 .
  • Baumgartner , H. , Sujan , M. and Padgett , D. 1997 . Patterns of affective reactions to advertisements: The integration of moment-to-moment responses into overall judgments . Journal of Marketing Research , 34 : 219 – 232 .
  • Biernat , M. , Manis , M. and Nelson , T.E. 1991 . Stereotypes and standards of judgment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 485 – 499 .
  • Blaney , R.H. 1986 . Affect and memory: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 229 – 246 .
  • Branigan , C. , Moise , J. , Fredrickson , B. L. and Kahneman , D. Peak (but not end) ANS reactivity to aversive episodes predicts bracing for anticipated re-experience . Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Cape Cod . October .
  • Brickman , P. , Coates , D. and Janoff-Bulman , R. 1978 . Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 917 – 927 .
  • Cantor , N. and Sanderson , C. A. 1999 . “ Life task participation and well-being: The importance of taking part in everyday life ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 230 – 243 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • Carstensen , L. L. 1993 . “ Motivation for social contact across the life span: A theory of socioemotional selectivity ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 40. Developmental perspectives on motivation , Edited by: Jacobs , J. 209 – 254 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
  • Carstensen , L. L. and Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . Influence of HIV status and age on cognitive representations of others . Health Psychology , 17 : 494 – 503 .
  • Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Rathunde , K. 1998 . “ The development of the person: An experiential perspective on the ontogenesis of psychological complexity ” . In Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development , 5th ed. , Edited by: Damon , W. and Lerner , R. M. 635 – 684 . New York : Wiley .
  • Diener , E. and Diener , C. 1996 . Most people are happy . Psychological Science , 7 : 181 – 185 .
  • Diener , E. and Larsen , R. J. 1993 . “ The experience of emotional well-being ” . In Handbook of emotion , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , I.M. 405 – 415 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Emmons , R. A. 1996 . “ Striving and feeling: Personal goals and subjective well-being ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 313 – 337 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Folk man , S. 1997 . Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress . Social Science Medicine , 45 : 1207 – 1221 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. 1991 . Anticipated endings: An explanation for selective social interaction , Stanford University . Doctoral dissertation, 1990. Dissertation Abstracts International, 3, AAD91-00818
  • Fredrickson , B. L. 1995 . Socioemotional behavior at the end of college life . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 12 : 261 – 276 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . What good are positive emotions? . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 300 – 319 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. in press . Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being . Prevention and Treatment ,
  • Fredrickson , B. L. and Carstensen , L. L. 1990 . Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 335 – 347 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. and Kahneman , D. 1993 . Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 45 – 55 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Gilbert , D. T. , Pinel , B. C. , Wilson , T. D. , Blumberg , S. J. and Wheatley , T. P. 1998 . Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 617 – 638 .
  • Gottman , J. G. and Levenson , R. W. 1985 . A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 151 – 160 .
  • Grayson , C. 1998 . When a 5 isn't a 5: Sex. prototypes, stereotypes, and standards of comparison in emotion judgments in self and others , University of Michigan . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Gross , J. J. 1998 . The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 271 – 299 .
  • Hsee , C. K. and Abelson , R. P. 1991 . Velocity relation: Satisfaction as a function of the first derivative of outcome over time . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 341 – 347 .
  • Hsee , C.K. , Salovey , P. and Abelson , R. P. 1994 . The quasi-acceleration relation: Satisfaction as a function of the change of velocity of outcome over time . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 : 96 – 111 .
  • Jones , J. M. 1988 . “ Cultural differences in temporal perspectives: Instrumental and expressive behaviors in time ” . In The social psychology of time: New perspectives , Edited by: McGrath , J. E. 21 – 38 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Izard , C. E. 1993 . “ Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions ” . In Handbook of emotion , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , J. M. 631 – 641 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Kahneman , D. 1999 . “ Objective happiness ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 3 – 25 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • Kahneman , D. , Fredrickson , B. L. , Schreiber , C. A. and Redelmeier , D.A. 1993 . When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end . Psychological Science , 4 : 401 – 405 .
  • Kahneman , D. and Miller , D. 1986 . Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives . Psychological Review , 93 : 136 – 153 .
  • Kahneman , D. , Ritov , I. and Schkade , D. in press . Economists have preferences, psychologists have attitudes: An analysis of dollar responses to public issues . Journal of Risk and Uncertainty ,
  • Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1973 . On the psychology of prediction . Psychological Review , 80 : 237 – 251 .
  • Kahneman , D. , Wakker , P. P. and Sarin , R. 1997 . Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 112 : 375 – 405 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Fredrickson , B. L. 1999 . “ Measurement issues in emotion research ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 40 – 60 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Levenson , R. 1994 . “ Human emotions: A function view ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. 123 – 126 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Levine , R. V. , West , L. J. and Reis , H. T. 1980 . Perceptions of time and punctuality in the United States and Brazil . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 541 – 550 .
  • Linville , P. W. and Fischer , G. W. 1991 . Preferences for separating or combining events . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 5 – 23 .
  • Loewenstein , G. and Prelec , D. 1993 . Preferences for sequences of outcomes . Psychological Review , 100 : 91 – 108 .
  • Loewenstein , G. and Schkade , D. A. 1999 . “ Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 85 – 105 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • McFarland , C. , Ross , M. and DeCourville , N. 1989 . Women's theories of menstruation and biases in recall of menstrual symptoms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 522 – 531 .
  • Mancuso , R. A. and Fredrickson , B. L. Emotion self-standards encourage negative self-focused emotions . meeting of the American Psychological Society . June/July , San Francisco.
  • Mark , T. A. and Gallistel , C. R. 1993 . Subjective reward magnitude of medial forebrain stimulation as a function of train duration and pulse frequency . Behavioral Neuroscience , 107 : 389 – 401 .
  • McGrath , J. E. and Kelly , J. R. 1996 . Time and human interaction: Toward a social psychology of time , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Medvec , V. H. , Madey , S. F. and Gilovich , T. 1995 . When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 603 – 610 .
  • Mowrer , O. H. and Solomon , L. N. 1954 . Contiguity vs. drive-reduction in conditioned fear: The proximity and abruptness of drive reduction . American Journal of Psychology , 67 : 15 – 25 .
  • Murry , J. P. and Dacin , P. A. 1996 . Cognitive moderators of negative-emotion effects: Implications for understanding media context . Journal of Consumer Research , 22 : 439 – 447 .
  • Parkinson , B. , Briner , R. R. , Reynolds , S. and Totterdell , P. 1995 . Time frames for mood: Relations between momentary and generalized ratings of affect . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 331 – 339 .
  • Parrott , WG . 1993 . “ Beyond hedonism: Motives for inhibiting good moods and maintaining bad moods ” . In Handbook of mental control , Edited by: Wegner , D. M. and Pennebaker , J. W. 278 – 305 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Redelmeier , D. A. and Kahneman , D. 1996 . Patient's memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures . Pain , 116 : 3 – 8 .
  • Ross , W. T. Jr. and Simonson , I. 1991 . Evaluations of pairs of experiences: A preference for happy endings . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 4 : 273 – 282 .
  • Rusting , C. L. 1998 . Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: Three conceptual frameworks . Psychological Bulletin , 124 : 165 – 196 .
  • Ryff , C. and Singer , B. 1998 . The contours of positive human health . Psychological Inquiry , 9 : 1 – 28 .
  • Scheff , T. J. 1988 . Shame and conformity: The deference-emotion system . Sociological Review , 53 : 395 – 406 .
  • Schkade , D. A. and Kahneman , D. 1998 . Does living in California make people happy? A focussing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction . Psychological Science , 9 : 340 – 346 .
  • Schreibet , CA. and Kahneman , D. 2000 . Determinants of the remembered utility of aversive sounds . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General ,
  • Schroots , J. J. F. and Birren , J. E. 1990 . “ Concepts of time and aging in science ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 45 – 64 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Schwarz , N. and Strack , F. 1999 . “ Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 61 – 84 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • Shizgal , P. 1997 . Neural basis of utility estimation . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 7 : 198 – 208 .
  • Shizgal , P. 1999 . “ On the neural computation of utility: Implications from studies of brain stimulation reward ” . In Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 500 – 524 . New York : Russell-Sage .
  • Speigel , D. 1998 . Getting there is half the fun: Relating happiness to health . Psychological Inquiry , 9 : 66 – 68 .
  • Stein , N. L. , Folk man , S. , Trabasso , T. and Richards , T. A. 1997 . Appraisal and goal processes as predictors of psychological well-being in bereaved caregivers . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 872 – 884 .
  • Varey , C. and Kahneman , D. 1992 . Experiences extended across time: Evaluation of moments and episodes . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 5 : 169 – 186 .
  • Wilson , T. D. and Schooled , J.W. 1991 . Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 181 – 192 .
  • Wilson , T. D. , Wheatley , T. P. , Meyers , J. M. , Gilbert , D. T. and Axsom , D. 1999 . Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Winkielman , P. , Knauper , B. and Schwarz , N. 1998 . Looking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 719 – 728 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.