Who responds how and when to anger? The assessment of actual anger response styles and their relation to personality

References

• Ahadi , S. and Diener , E. 1989 . Multiple determinants and effect size . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 398 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , M. and Violate , C. 1994 . Neuroticism and coping with anger: The trans-situational consistency of coping responses . Personality and Individual Differences , 17 : 769 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer , P. E. , Collins , F. H. , Bourianoff , G. C. and Ketchel , M. F. 1979 . Assessing personality factors in essential hypertension with a brief self-report instrument . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bages , N. , Warwick Evans , L. and Falger , P. RJ. 1997 . Differences between informants about Type A, anger, and social support and the relationship with blood pressure . Psychology and Health , 12 : 453 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , H. and Williams , M. 1995 . Personality and emotional reactivity . Journal of Research in Personality , 29 : 24 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongard , S. , Pfeiffer , J. S. , al'Absi , M. , Hodapp , V. and Linnenkemper , G. 1997 . Cardiovascular responses during effortful active coping and acute experience of anger in women . Psychophysiology , 34 : 459 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth Kewley , S. and Friedman , H. S. 1987 . Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 343 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , K. W. and Moskowitz , D. S. 1997 . Does unhappiness make you sick? The role of affect and neuroticism in the experience of common physical symptoms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 892 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. 1963 . Physical aggression in relation to different frustrations . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , E. G. 1997 . Positive and negative affectivity for academic and interpersonal domains: Relations to general affectivity, extraversion, and neuroticism . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 929 – 932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. A. , Hemsley , D. R. and Nason-Clark , N. 1987 . Personality and sex differences in emotional responsiveness to positive and negative cognitive stimuli . Personality and Individual Differences , 8 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottington , E. M. , Matthews , K. A. , Talbott , E. and Kuller , L. H. 1986 . Occupational stress, suppressed anger, and hypertension . Psychosomatic Medicine , 48 : 249 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher , J. L. , Demra , P. M. and Brandon , A. D. 1986 . High general anger: Correlates and treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 24 : 481 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher , J. L. , Getting , E. R. , Lynch , R. S. and Morris , C. D. 1996 . The expression of anger and its consequences . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 575 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembroski , T. M. , MacDougall , J. M. , Williams , R. B. , Haney , T. L. and Blumenthal , J. A. 1985 . Components of Type A, hostility, and anger-in: Relationship to angiographie findings . Psychosomatic Medicine , 47 : 219 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , E. L. 1982 . The role of anger and hostility in essential hypertension and coronary heart disease . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 410 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimsdale , J. E. , Pierce , C. , Shoenfeld , D. , Brown , A. , Zusman , R. and Graham , R. 1986 . Suppressed anger and blood pressure: The effects of race, sex, social class, obesity, and age . Psychosomatic Medicine , 48 : 430 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly , A. H. and Steifen , V. J. 1986 . Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature . Psychological Bulletin , 100 : 309 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engebretson , T. O. , Matthews , K. A. and Scheier , M. F. 1989 . Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 513 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. and Eysenck , M. W . 1985 . Personality and individual differences , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Faber , S. D. and Burns , J. W. 1996 . Anger management style, degree of expressed anger, and gender influence cardiovascular recovery from interpersonal harassment . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 19 : 31 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahrenberg , J. 1987 . “ Concepts of activation and arousal in the theory of emotionality (neuroticism). A multivariate conceptualization ” . In Personality dimensions and arousal , Edited by: Strelau , J. and Eysenck , H. J. 99 – 120 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Fahrenberg , J. 1992 . “ Psychophysiology of neuroticism and anxiety ” . In Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives , Edited by: Gale , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 179 – 226 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fahrenberg , J. , Hampel , R. and SeIg , H. 1984 . Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI , 4th ed. , Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Feshbach , S. 1986 . Reconceptualizations of anger: Some research perspectives . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 4 : 123 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frodi , A. 1978 . Experiential and physiological responses associated with anger and aggression in women and men . Journal of Research in Personality , 12 : 335 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry , W. , Chesney , A. P. , Gary , H. E. , Hall , R. P. and Harburg , E. 1982 . Habitual anger-coping styles: I. Effect on mean blood pressure and risk for essential hypertension . Psychosomatic Medicine , 44 : 195 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. S. , Edelberg , R. , Meier , C. F. and Davis , L. 1989 . Relationship of expressed anger to forearm muscle vascular resistance . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 33 : 497 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokanson , J. E. 1960 . Vascular and psychogalvanic effects of experimentally aroused anger . Journal of Personality , 29 : 30 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , E. H. , Schork , N. J. and Spielberger , C. D. 1987 . Emotional and familial determinants of elevated blood pressure in Black and White adolescent females . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 31 : 731 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , L. A. 1997 . Effects of multiple determinacy and measurement error on trait-behavior and behavior-behavior relations: An integrated conceptual model . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 199 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. 1994 . The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory . Psychological Review , 101 : 211 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. J. and Diener , E. 1987 . Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 1 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lu , L. and Shih , J. B. 1997 . Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 249 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. and Jacklin , C. N. 1974 . The psychology of sex differences , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manstead , A. S. R. 1992 . “ Gender differences in emotion ” . In Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives , Edited by: Gale , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 355 – 387 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. and Watson , D. 1997 . Style of anger expression and its relation to daily experience . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 285 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFatter , R. 1998 . Emotional intensity: Some components and their relations to extraversion and neuroticism . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 747 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischel , W. and Shoda , Y. 1998 . Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions . Annual Review of Psychology , 49 : 229 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrtek , M. 1998 . Gesunde Kranke-kranke Gesunde , Bern : Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Rusting , C. L. and Larsen , R. J. 1997 . Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: A test of two theoretical models . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 607 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpa , A. and Raine , A. 1997 . Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 20 : 375 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffel , U. 1993 . Ärgerintensität und Ärgerverarbeitung , Freiburg, , Germany : Department of Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität . Unpublished Diploma thesis
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1997 . Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 113 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , R. H. , Egan , B. M. , Johnson , E. H. , Drobny , H. and Julius , S. 1986 . Anger and anxiety in borderline hypertension . Psychosomatic Medicine , 48 : 242 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenkmezger , P. , Hodapp , V. and Spielberger , C. D. 1993 . Das State-Trait-Ärgerausdrucks- Inventar (STAXI) , Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Shrout , P. E. and Fleiss , J. L. 1979 . Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 420 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegman , A. W. 1993 . Cardiovascular consequences of expressing, experiencing, and repressing anger . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 16 : 539 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegman , A. W. , Andersen , R. , Herbst , J. , Boyle , S. and Willdnson , J. 1992 . Dimensions of angerhostility and cardiovascular reactivity in provoked and angered men . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 15 : 257 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. A. and Houston , B. 1987 . Hostility, anger expression, cardiovascular responsivity, and social support . Biological Psychology , 24 : 39 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. and Krasner , S. S. 1988 . “ The assessment of state and trait anxiety ” . In Handbook of anxiety, Vol. 2: Classification, etiological factors and associated disturbances , Edited by: Noyes , R. , Roth , M. and Burrows , G. D. 31 – 51 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. 1992 . Differential psyche/physiology: Persons in situations , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. 1993 . “ Peripherphysiologische Emotionsspezifität von Ärger ” . In Psychophysiologische Risikofaktoren bel Herz-Krelslauf-Erkrankungen , Edited by: Müller , M. M. 37 – 68 . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. 1997 . Selective activation of traits: Boundary conditions for the activation of anger . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 213 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. 1998 . “ Emotionen ” . In Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Ergebnisse und Anwendungen der Psychophysiologie , Edited by: Rosier , F. Vol. C , 95 – 163 . Göttingen : Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie . I, 5
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. , Heldmann , M. , Pauls , C. A. and Scherer , T. 2000 . Constraints for emotion specificity in fear and anger: The context counts Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. , Schäfer , H. and Marwitz , M. 1993 . “ Zum Konzept und zu den Operationalisierungen von Stilen der Ärgerverarbeitung ” . In Ärger und Ärgerausdruck , Edited by: Hodapp , V. and Schwenkmezger , P. 71 – 111 . Bern : Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Strosahl , K. D. and Linehan , M. M. 1986 . “ Basic issues in behavioral assessment ” . In Handbook of behavioral assessment , Edited by: Ciminero , A. R. , Calhoun , K. S. and Adams , H. E. 12 – 46 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Suarez , E. C. and Williams , R. B. 1990 . The relationships between dimensions of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity as a function of task characteristics . Psychosomatic Medicine , 52 : 558 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavris , C. 1984 . On the wisdom of counting to ten: Personal and social dangers of anger expression . Review of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 170 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. P. 1997 . Women's anger: Relationship of suppression to blood pressure . Nursing Research , 46 : 324 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Elderen , T. , Macs , S. , Komproe , I. and van der Kamp , L. 1997 . The development of an anger expression and control scale . British Journal of Health Psychology , 2 : 269 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vögele , C. and Steptoe , A. 1993 . “ Ärger, Feindseligkeit und kardiovaskuläre Reaktivität: Implikationen für essentielle Hypertonie und koronare ” . In Ärger und Ärgerausdruck , Edited by: Hodapp , V. and Schwenkmezger , P. 169 – 191 . Bern : Huber . Herzkrankheit
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1984 . Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 465 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidner , G. , Friend , R. , Ficarrotto , T. J. and Mendell , N. R. 1989 . Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in women and men . Psychosomatic Medicine , 51 : 36 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , R. B. , Hanley , T. L. , Lee , K. L. , Kong , Y. H. , Blumenthal , J. A. and Whalen , R. E. 1980 . Type A behavior, hostility, and coronary atherosclerosis . Psychosomatic Medicine , 42 : 539 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar