Beneath the veil of thought suppression: Attentional bias and depression risk

References

• American Psychiatrie Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Averill , J. R. 1975 . A semantic atlas of emotional concepts , ISAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 5, 330 Amherst, MA : University of Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , AT. 1976 . Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders , New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. and Beamesderfer , A. 1974 . “ Assessment of depression: The depression inventory ” . In Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology Modem problems in Pharmacopsychiatry , Edited by: Pichot , P. Vol. 7 , 151 – 169 . Basel, , Switzerland : Darger .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. and Beck , R. 1972 . Screening depressed patients in family practice: A rapid technic . Postgraduate Medicine , 52 : 81 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Rush , A. J. , Shaw , B. F. and Emery , G. 1979 . Cognitive therapy of depression , New York : Girilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beevers , C. G. , Wenzlaff , R. M. , Hayes , A. M. and Scott , W. D. 1999 . Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 6 : 133 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn , I. M. , Roxborough , H. M. , Muir , W. J. , Glabus , M. and Blackwood , D. H. R. 1990 . Perceptual and physiological dysfunction in depression . Psychological Medicine , 20 : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaney , P. H. 1986 . Affect and memory: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 229 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , W. A. 1990 . Treatment of depressed inpatients: Cognitive therapy plus medication, relaxation plus medication, and medication alone . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 73 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. A. , Beck , A. T. and Alford , B. A. 1999 . Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Coyne , J. C. and Whiffen , V. E. 1995 . Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: The case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 358 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohr , K. B. , Rush , A. J. and Bernstein , I. H. 1989 . Cognitive biases in depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 263 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykman , B. M. 1997 . A test of whether negative emotional priming facilitates access to latent dysfunctional attitudes . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 197 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaves , G. and Rush , A. J. 1984 . Cognitive patterns in symptomatic and remitted unipolar major depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 93 : 31 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erber , R. 1996 . “ The self-regulation of moods ” . In Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation , Edited by: Mart , L. L. and Tesser , A. 251 – 275 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Expert Software, Inc. 1996 . Crosswords & More , Los Angeles, CA : Computer software .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , W. M. and Kuçera , H. 1982 . Frequency analysis of English usage. Lexicon and grammar , Boston, MA : Houghton & Miffin .
   Google Scholar
• Gilboa , E. and Gotlib , I. H. 1997 . Cognitive biases and affect persistence in previously dysphoric and never-dysphoric individuals . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 517 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib , I. H. , Kurtzman , H. S. and Blehar , M. C. 1997 . Cognition and depression: Issues and future directions . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 663 – 673 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. 1998 . The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 271 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Haaga , D. A. , Dyck , M. J. and Ernst , D. 1991 . Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression . Psychological Bulletin , 10 : 215 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , E. W. and Abramson , L. Y. 1983 . Cognitive patterns and major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in a hospital setting . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 92 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartlage , S. , Alloy , L. B. , Vasquez , C. and Dykman , B. 1993 . Automatic and effortful processing in depression . Psychological Bulletin , 113 : 247 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedlund , S. and Rude , S. S. 1995 . Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 517 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holahan , C. J. and Moos , R. H. 1991 . Life Stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A 4-year structural model . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 31 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imber , S. D. , Pilkonis , P. A. , Sotsky , S. M. , Elkin , J. , Watkins , J. T. , Collins , J. E. , Shea , M. T. , Leber , W. R. and Glass , D. R. 1990 . Mode-specific effects among three treatments for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 58 : 352 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram , R. E. , Miranda , J. and Segal , Z. V. 1998 . Cognitive vulnerability to depression , New York : Girilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• John , C. H. 1988 . Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 240 emotional and nonemotional words . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 49 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Josephson , B. R. , Singer , J. A. and Salovey , P. 1996 . Mood regulation and memory: Repairing sad moods with happy memories . Cognition and Emotion , 10 : 437 – 444 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , L. L. 1997 . The clinical course of unipolar major depressive disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 : 989 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. and Nolen-Hbeksema , S. 1993 . Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 339 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1994 . Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders . Annual Review of Psychology , 45 : 25 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , J. 1992 . Dysfunctional thinking is activated by stressful life events . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 16 : 473 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , J. and Gross , J. J. 1997 . Cognitive vulnerability, depression, and the mood-state hypothesis: Is out of sight out of mind? . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 585 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , J. , Gross , J. J. , Persons , J. B. and Hahn , J. 1998 . Mood matters: Negative mood induction activates dysfunctional attitudes in women vulnerable to depression . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 363 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Miranda , J. and Persons , J. B. 1988 . Dysfunctional attitudes are mood-state dependent . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 97 : 76 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , J. , Persons , J. B. and Byers , C. N. 1990 . Endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs depends on current mood state . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 237 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris , P. and Merckelbach , H. 1997 . Suppression and dissociation . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 523 – 525 .
   Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Merckelbach , H. and Horselenberg , R. 1996 . Individual differences in thought suppression. The White Bear Suppression Inventory: Factor structure, reliability, validity and correlates . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 501 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nden-Hoeksema , S. 1996 . “ Chewing the cud and other ruminations ” . In Advances in social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. S. Vol. 9 , 135 – 144 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Pelham , B. W. 1991 . On the benefits of misery: Self-serving biases in the depressive self-concept . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 670 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. 1997 . Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions , New York : Girilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Persons , J. B. and Miranda , J. 1992 . Cognitive theories of vulnerability to depression: Reconciling negative evidence . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 16 : 485 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persons , J. B. and Rao , P. A. 1985 . Longitudinal study of cognitions, life events, and depression in psychiatric inpatients . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 94 : 51 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reda , M. A. , Carpiniello , B. , Secchiaroli , L. and Blanco , S. Y. 1985 . Thinking, depression, and antidepressants: Modified and unmodified depressive beliefs during treatment with amitriptyline . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 9 : 135 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. , Gilboa , E. and Gotlib , I. H. 1998 . Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 401 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. and Gotlib , I. H. 1997 . Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: Specificity in predictors and outcome . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 521 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. and Kassel , J. D. 1996 . Mood-state dependence in cognitive vulnerability to depression: The rales of positive and negative affect . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 20 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude , S. S. , Covich , J. , Jarrold , W. , Hedlund , S. and Zentner , M. in press . Detecting depressive schemata in vulnerability individuals: Questionnaires vs laboratory tasks . Cognitive Therapy and Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Sacco , W. P. and Beck , AT. 1995 . “ Cognitive theory and therapy ” . In Handbook of depression , Edited by: Beckhara , E. E. and Leber , W. R. 329 – 351 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sakado , K. , Sato , T. , Uehara , T. , Sato , S. and Kameda , K. 1996 . Discriminant validity of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, Lifetime Version . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 93 : 257 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , T. , Uehara , T. , Sakado , K. , Sato , S. , Nishioka , K. and Kasahara , Y. 1996 . The test-retest reliability of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, Lifetime Version . Psychopathology , 29 : 154 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. V. 1988 . Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 147 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. V. and Dobson , K. S. 1992 . Cognitive models of depression: Report from a consensus development conference . Psychological Inquiry , 3 : 219 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. V. , Gemar , M. and Williams , S. 1998 . “ Differential cognitive responses to a mood challenge following successful cognitive therapy orpharmacotherapy for unipolar depression ” . In Cognitive Behavior Therapy Unit, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry Toronto, , Canada Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , J. S. , Silverman , J. A. and Eardley , D. A. 1984 . Domal adaptive attitudes cause depression? . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 28 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , A. , Garfield , S. and Murphy , D. 1984 . The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 45 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloman , A. , Haaga , D. A. F. , Brody , C. , Kirk , L. and Friedman , D. G. 1998 . Priming irrational beliefs in recovered-depressed people . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 : 440 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale , J. D. 1988 . Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 247 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thase , M. E. , Simons , A. D. , McGeary , J. , Cahalane , J. F. , Hughes , C. , Harden , T. and Friedman , E. 1992 . Relapse after cognitive behavior therapy of depression: Potential implications for longer courses of treatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 1046 – 1052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hout , M. , Merckelbach , H. and Pool , K. 1996 . Dissociation, reality monitoring, trauma, and thought suppression . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 24 : 97 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. 1994 . Ironic processes of mental control . Psychological Review , 101 : 34 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. and Wenzlaff , R. M. 1996 . “ Mental Control ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Kruglanski , A. W. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. and Zanakos , S. 1994 . Chronic thought suppression . Journal of Personality , 62 : 615 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. 1993 . “ The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional wellbeing ” . In Handbook of mental control , Edited by: Wegner , D. M. and Pennebaker , J. W. 239 – 257 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Bates , D. E. 1998 . Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1559 – 1571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. , Rude , S. S. and West , L. M. 2000 . Cognitive vulnerability to depression: The role of thought suppression and attitude certainty Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Stultz , C. H. A new method of assessing attentional bias in depression . Meeting of the American Psychological Society . May , Washington, DC..
   Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Wegner , D. M. 2000 . Thought suppression . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 59 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. , Wegner , D. M. and Klein , S. B. 1991 . The role of thought suppression in the bonding of thought and mood . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 500 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. , Wegner , D. M. and Roper , D. W. 1988 . Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 882 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. and Coryell , W. 1987 . The Inventory to Diagnose Depression, Lifetime Version . Acta Psychiatrical Scandinavia , 75 : 495 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , M. , Lubin , B. , Vogel , L. and Valerius , E. 1964 . Measurement of experimentally induced affects . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 28 : 418 – 425 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar