On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview

References

• Allport , G. W. 1935 . “ Attitudes ” . In Handbook of social psychology , Edited by: Murchison , C. 798 – 844 . Worcester, MA : Clark University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Govender , R. and Pratto , F. 1992 . The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 893 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Raymond , P. and Hymes , C. 1996 . The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 32 : 104 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassili , J. N. 1995 . Response latency and the accessibility of voting intentions: What contributes to accessibility and how it affects vote choice . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 686 – 695 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassili , J. N. 1996 . Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measure of attitude strength . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 637 – 653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , C. A. and Killion , T. H. 1977 . Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 3 : 389 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besner , D. and Smith , M. C. 1992 . Models of visual word recognition: When obscuring the stimulus yields a clearer view . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 468 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blascovich , J. , Ernst , J. M. , Tomaka , J. , Kelsey , R. M. , Salomon , K. L. and Fazio , R. H. 1993 . Attitude accessibility as a moderator of autonomie reactivity during decision making . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 165 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Crites , S. L. Jr. , Bernston , G. G. and Coles , M. G. H. 1993 . If attitudes affect how stimuli are processed, should they not affect the event-related brain potential? . Psychological Science , 4 : 108 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Crites , S. L. Jr. , Gardner , W. L. and Bernston , G. G. 1994 . Bioelectrical echoes from evaluative categorizations: I. A late positive brain potential that varies as a function of trait negativity and extremity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 115 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. and Bargh , J. A. 1993 . Occurrence versus moderation of the automatic attitude activation effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 759 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crites , S. L. Jr. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1996 . Electroccrtical differentiation of evaluative and none- valuative categorizations . Psychological Science , 7 : 318 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot , A. , Thomassen , A. and Hudson , P. 1982 . Associative facilitation of word recognition as measured from a neutral prime . Memory and Cognition , 10 : 358 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1998 . An affective variant of the Simon paradigm . Cognition and Emotion , 72 : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. and Hermans , D. Nine attempts to fold affective priming of pronunciation responses: Effects of SOA, degradation, and language . Paper presented at the Tagung der Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie . Kassel, Germany. June .
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Hermans , D. and Eelen , P. 1998 . Affective and identity priming with episodically associated stimuli . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 145 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Hermans , D. and Spruyt , A. 2000 . Affective priming of pronuncation responses: Effects of target degradation in Dutch and English , Southampton, , UK : University of Southampton . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Dijksterhuis , A. , Aarts , H. , Bargh , J. A. and van Knippenberg , A . in press . On the relation between associative strength and automatic behavior . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio , J. F. , Kawakami , K. , Johnson , C. , Johnson , B. and Howard , A. 1997 . On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 : 510 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunton , B. C. and Fazio , R. H. 1997 . An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions . Peronality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 316 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. 1993 . Variability in the likelihood of automatic attitude activation: Data re-analysis and commentary on Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, and Pratto (1992) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 753 – 758 . 764 – 765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. 1995 . “ Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility ” . In Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences , Edited by: Petty , R. E. and Krosnick , J. A. 247 – 282 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. 2000 . “ Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits ” . In Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes , Edited by: Maio , G. and Olson , J. 1 – 36 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Blascovich , J. and Driscoll , D. M. 1992 . On the functional value of attitudes: The influence of accessible attitudes upon the ease and quality of decision making . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 : 388 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Chen , J. , McDonel , E. C. and Sherman , S. J. 1982 . Attitude accessibility, attitudebehavior consistency, and the strength of the object-evaluation association . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 18 : 339 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Dunton , B. C. 1997 . Categorization by race: The impact of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 : 451 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Jackson , J. R. , Dunton , B. C. and Williams , C. J. 1995 . Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1013 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Powell , M. C. and Williams , C. J. 1989 . The role of attitude accessibility in the attitudeto-behaviour process . Journal of Consumer Research , 16 : 280 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Towies-Schwen , T. 1999 . “ The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes ” . In Dual process theories in social psychology , Edited by: Chaiken , S. and Trope , Y. 97 – 116 . New York : Girilford .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Williams , C. J. 1986 . Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 505 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Williams , C. J. and Powell , M. C. 2000 . Measuring associative strength: Category-item associations and their activation from memory . Political Psychology , 21 : 7 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giner-Sorolla , R. , Garcia , M. T. and Bargh , J. A. 1999 . The automatic evaluation of pictures . Social Cognition , 17 : 76 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser , J. and Banaji , M. R. 1999 . When fair is foul and foul is fair: Reverse priming in automatic evaluation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 669 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Draine , S. C. and Abrams , R. L. 1996 . Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation . Science , 273 : 1699 – 1702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Klinger , M. R. and Liu , T. J. 1989 . Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words . Memory and Cognition , 17 : 35 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. and Schwartz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association task . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1469 – 1480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. F. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. 1996 . Automatische stimulusevaluatie. Een experimented analyse van de voor- waarden voor evaluatieve stimulusdiscriminatie aan de hand van net affectieve-primingpar- adigma. [Automatic stimulus evaluation. An experimental analysis of the preconditions for evaluative stimulus discrimination using an affective priming paradigm] , Belgium : University of Leuven . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1994 . The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 515 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1996 . Evaluative decision latencies mediated by induced affective sales . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 483 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. , Baeyens , F. and Eelen , P. 1998 . Odours as affective-processing context for word evaluation: A case of cross-modal affective priming . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 601 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , A. B. and Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. 1989 . The influence of context on lexical decision time for emotional and non-emotional words . Current Psychology: Research and Reviews , 8 : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston , D. A. and Fazio , R. H. 1989 . Biased processing as a function of attitude accessibility: Making objective judgments subjectively . Social Cognition , 7 : 51 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt , R. , Levine , J. , Morgan , W. and Sprague , J. 1999 . Accessibility and the political utility of partisan and ideological orientations . American Journal of Political Science , 43 : 888 – 911 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito , T. A. and Cacioppo , J. T. in press . Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , W. B. G. and Petty , R. E. 1996 . The need to evaluate . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 172 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , D. 1960 . The functional approach to the study of attitudes . Public Opinion Quarterly , 24 : 163 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. and Hill , A. B. 1992 . Semantic and emotional priming below objective detection threshold . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 113 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. 1998 . Affecting priming . European Review of Social Psychology , 8 : 63 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. and Musch , J. Evidence for no affective priming in the naming task . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society . Washington, DC. May .
   Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. , Roßnagel , C. and Musch , J. 1997 . List-context effects in evaluative priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 23 : 246 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinger , M. R. , Burton , P. C. and Pitts , G. S. 2000 . Mechanisms of unconscious priming I: Response competition, not spreading activation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26 : 441 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorch , R. F. Jr. 1982 . Priming and search processes in semantic memory: A test of three models of spreading activation . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 21 : 468 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Macrae , C. N. , Bodenhausen , G. V. , Milne , A. B. and Calvini , G. 1999 . Seeing more than we can know: Visual attention and category activation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 : 590 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massaro , D. W. , Jones , R. D. , Lipscomb , D. and Schdz , R. 1978 . Role of prior knowledge on naming and lexical decisions with good and poor stimulus information . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 4 : 498 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , D. E. and Schvaneveldt , R. W. 1971 . Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 90 : 227 – 234 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1976 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Evidence for facilitatory and inhibitory processes . Memory and Cognition , 4 : 648 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1977 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading spreading activation and limited-capacity attention . Journal of Experimental Psy- cyology: General , 106 : 225 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posavac , S. S. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. and Fazio , R. H. 1997 . Considering the best choice: Effects of salience and accessibility of alternatives on attitude-decision consistency . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 253 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , M. C. and Fazio , R. H. 1984 . Attitude accessibility as a function of repeated attitudinal expression . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 10 : 139 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. and McKoon , G. 1981 . Does activation really spread? . Psychological Review , 88 : 454 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen , D. R. and Fazio , R. H. 1992 . On the orienting value of attitudes. Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 198 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Osborne , R. E. and Fazio , R. H. The measurement of automatic attitude activation . Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association . Chicago. May .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1977 . Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention . Psychological Review , 84 : 1 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuette , R. A. and Fazio , R. H. 1995 . Attitude accessibility and motivation as determinants of biased processing: A test of the MODE model . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 704 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffrin , R. M. and Schneider , W. 1977 . Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory . Psychological Review , 84 : 127 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. R. , Fazio , R. H. and Cejka , M. A. 1996 . Accessible attitudes influence categorization of multiply categorizable objects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 888 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. B. , Brunei , J. S. and White , R. W. 1956 . Opinions and personality , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sperber , R. D. , McCauley , C. , Ragain , R. D. and Weil , C. M. 1979 . Semantic priming effects on picture and word processing . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 339 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 1979 . Mechanisms of sentence context effects in reading: Automatic activation and conscious attention . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 1983 . On priming by a sentence context . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 112 : 1 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentura , D. 1999 . Activation and inhibition of affective information: Evidence for negative priming in the evaluation task . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 65 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenbrink , B. , Judd , C. M. and Park , B. 1997 . Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 262 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar