278
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Automatic attention to stimuli signalling chances and dangers: Moderating effects of positive and negative goal and action contexts

, &
Pages 231-248 | Published online: 09 Sep 2010

References

  • Bargh , J. A. 1989 . “ Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 3 – 51 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. 1997 . “ The automaticity of everyday life ” . In Advances in social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. S. Vol. 10 , 1 – 61 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Bock , M. and Klinger , E. 1986 . Interaction of emotion and cognition in word recall . Psychological Research , 48 : 99 – 106 .
  • Brandtstädter , J. and Rothermund , K. “ Intentional self-development: Exploring the inter faces between development, intentionality, and the self ” . In Nebraska sym posium on motivation: Current theory and research in motivation , Edited by: Crockett , L. J. Vol. 47 , Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press . in press
  • Brandtstädter , J. , Wentura , D. and Rothermund , K. 1999 . “ Intentional self-development through adulthood and later life: Tenacious pursuit and flexible adjustments of goals ” . In Action and self-development: Theory and research through the life-span , Edited by: Brandtstädter , J. and Lerner , R. M. 373 – 400 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Brendl , C. M. Annaherungs-Vermeidungsmotivation und Einstellungen implizit messen? Geschwindigkeit von Armstreckung versus Armbeugung [Speed of arm extension versus arm flexion: Implicitly assessing approach/avoidance motivation and attitudes?] . Paper presented at the 6th Social Psychology Meeting . Konstanz, Germany.
  • Brendl , C. M. , Higgins , E. T. and Lemm , K. M. 1995 . Sensitivity to varying gains and losses: The role of self-discrepancies and event framing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1028 – 1051 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Priester , J. R. and Berntson , G. G. 1993 . Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 5 – 17 .
  • Chen , M. and Bargh , J. A. 1999 . Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 215 – 224 .
  • Derryberry , D. 1988 . Emotional influences on evaluative judgments: Roles of arousal, attention, and spreading activation . Motivation and Emotion , 12 : 23 – 55 .
  • Derryberry , D. 1989 . Effects of goal-related motivational states on the orienting of spatial attention . Acta Psychologica , 72 : 199 – 220 .
  • Derryberry , D. 1993 . Attentional consequences of outcome-related motivational states: Congruent, incongruent, and focusing effects . Motivation and Emotion , 17 : 65 – 89 .
  • Derryberry , D. and Tucker , D. M. 1994 . “ Motivating the focus of attention ” . In The heart's eye , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 167 – 196 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Draine , S. C. and Greenwald , A. G. 1998 . Replicable unconscious semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 127 : 286 – 303 .
  • Eriksen , B. A. and Eriksen , C. W. 1974 . Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task . Perception and Psychopkysics , 16 : 143 – 149 .
  • Gollwitzer , P. M. and Moskowitz , G. B. 1996 . “ Goal effects on action and cognition ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Kniglanski , A. W. 361 – 399 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Greenwald , A. G. , Draine , S. C. and Abrams , R. H. 1996 . Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation . Science , 273 : 1699 – 1702 .
  • Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
  • Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1994 . “ Automatic emotion: Attention and facial efference ” . In The heart's eye , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 217 – 243 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Higgins , E. T. 1996 . “ Ideals, oughts, and regulatory focus: Affect and motivation from distinct pains and pleasures ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 91 – 114 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Isen , A. M. 1984 . “ Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition ” . In Handbook of social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. and Srull , T. Vol. 3 , 179 – 236 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1984 . Choices, values, and frames . American Psychologist , 39 : 341 – 350 .
  • Klinger , E. 1996 . “ Emotional influences on cognitive processing, with implications for theories of both ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 168 – 189 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Markus , H. and Nurius , P. 1986 . Possible selves . American Psychologist , 41 : 954 – 969 .
  • Markus , H. and Ruvolo , A. 1989 . “ Possible selves: Personalized representations of goals ” . In Goal concepts in personality and social psychology , Edited by: Perv , L. A. 211 – 241 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 1993 . Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 723 – 739 .
  • Newman , J. P. , Wallace , J. F. , Strauman , T. J. , Skolaski , R. L. , Oreland , K. M. , Mattek , P. W. , Elder , K. A. and McNeely , J. 1993 . Effects of motivationally significant stimuli on the regulation of dominant responses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 165 – 175 .
  • Peelers , G. and Czapinski , J. 1990 . “ Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 1 , 33 – 60 . CWchester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Pratto , F. 1994 . “ Consciousness and automatic evaluation ” . In The heart's eye , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 115 – 143 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
  • Riemann , B. C. and McNaIIy , R. J. 1995 . Cognitive processing of personally relevant information . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 325 – 340 .
  • Rothermund , K. 1998 . Persistenz und Neuorientierung: Mechanismen der Aufrechterhaltung und Auflösung zielbezogener kognitiver Einstellungen [Persistence and reorientation: Maintaining and dissolving goal-related cognitive sets] , Trier, , Germany : University of Trier . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Rothermund , K. , Wentura , D. and Bak , P. 1995 . Verschiebung valenzbezogener Aufmerksamkeits asymmetrien in Abhängigkeit vom Handlungskontext: Bericht über ein Experiment. [Shifting of attentional biases to valent stimuli in different action contexts: Report of an experiment] . Trierer Psychologische Berichte , 22 ( 4 )
  • Rothermund , K. , Wentura , D. and Bak , P. 1996 . Automatische Vtgilanz: Aufmerksamkeitsbindung durch verhaltensrelevante soziale Informationen [Automatic vigilance: Attention allocation to behaviour-relevant social information] . Trierer Psychologische Berichte , 23 ( 1 )
  • Shaffer , W. O. and LaBerge , D. 1979 . Automatic semantic processing of unattended words . Journal cf Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 413 – 426 .
  • Solarz , A. K. 1960 . Latency of instrumental responses as a function of compatibility with the meaning of eliciting verbal signs . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 : 239 – 245 .
  • Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-mini mization hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
  • Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
  • Taylor , S. E. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 1995 . Effects of mindset of positive illusions . Journal of Per sonality and Social Psychology , 69 : 213 – 226 .
  • Theeuwes , J. 1996 . “ Perceptual selectivity for color and form: On the nature of the interference effect ” . In Converging operations in the study of visual selective attention , Edited by: Kramer , A. F. , Coles , M. G. H. and Logan , G. D. 297 – 314 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Associa tion .
  • Tukey , J. W. 1977 . Exploratory data analysis , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Wentura , D. , Rothermund , K. and Bak , P. 2000 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach- and avoidance-related social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psy chology , 78 : 1024 – 1037 .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed. , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologist , 35 : 151 – 175 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.