439
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Emotional reactions to achievement outcomes: Is it really best to expect the worst?

&
Pages 43-63 | Published online: 09 Sep 2010

References

  • Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
  • Baumeister , R. F. 1989 . The optimal margin of illusion . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 8 : 176 – 189 .
  • Blaine , B. and Crocker , J. 1993 . “ Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R. F. 55 – 85 . New York : Plenum .
  • Brown , J. D. and Dutton , K. A. 1995 . The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 712 – 722 .
  • Brown , J. D. and Marshall , M. A. 2001 . Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 575 – 584 .
  • Brown , J. D. and Weiner , B. 1984 . Affective consequences of ability versus effort attributions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 146 – 158 .
  • Carver , C. S. , Pozo , C. , Harris , S. D. , Noriega , V. , Scheier , M. F. , Robinson , D. S. , Ketcham , A. S. , Moffat , F. L. Jr. and Clark , K. C . 1993 . How coping mediates the effects of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 375 – 390 .
  • Coopersmith , S. 1967 . The antecedents of self-esteem , San Francisco : Freeman .
  • Diener , E. , Emmons , R. A. , Larsen , R. J. and Griffin , S. 1985 . The satisfaction with life scale . Journal of Personality Assessment , 49 : 1 – 74 .
  • Dutton , K. A. and Brown , J. D. 1997 . Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 139 – 148 .
  • Festinger , L. 1954 . A theory of social comparison processes . Human Relations , 7 : 117 – 140 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1988 . The laws of emotion . American Psychologist , 43 : 349 – 358 .
  • Griner , L. A. and Smith , C. A. 2000 . Contributions of motivational orientation to appraisal and emotion . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 727 – 740 .
  • Higgins , E. T. 1998 . “ Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 30 , 1 – 46 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Higgins , E. T. 1999 . “ Promotion and prevention as a motivational duality: Implications for evaluative processes ” . In Dual process theories in social psychology , Edited by: Chaiken , S. and Trope , Y. 503 – 525 . New York : Guilford .
  • Higgins , E. T. , Shah , J. and Friedman , R. 1997 . Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as a moderator . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 515 – 525 .
  • James , W. 1890 . The principles of psychology , Vol. 1 , New York : Holt .
  • Locke , E. A. and Latham , G. P. 1990 . A theory of goal setting and task performance , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Marshall , M. A. and Brown , J. D. 2004 . Expectations and realizations: The role of expectancies in achievement settings . Motivation and Emotion , 28 : 347 – 361 .
  • McFarlin , D. B. and Blascovich , J. 1984 . On the Remote Associates Test (RAT) as an alternative to illusory performance feedback: A methodological note . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 5 : 223 – 229 .
  • Mednick , S. A. 1962 . The associative basis of the creative process . Psychological Review , 26 : 220 – 232 .
  • Medvec , V. H. , Madey , S. F. and Gilovich , T. 1995 . When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 603 – 610 .
  • Miller , D. T. and Ross , M. 1975 . Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? . Psychological Bulletin , 82 : 213 – 235 .
  • Miller , D. T. , Turnbull , W. and McFarland , C. 1990 . “ Counterfactual thinking and social perception: Thinking about what might have been ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 23 , 305 – 331 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Roseman , I. J. 1984 . Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory . Review of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 11 – 36 .
  • Scheier , M. F. , Carver , C. S. and Bridges , M. W. 1994 . Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 1063 – 1078 .
  • Schul , Y. 1992 . The effect of expectations on satisfaction when feedback about performance is not provided . Social Cognition , 10 : 165 – 188 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1990 . “ Emotion and adaptation ” . In Handbook of personality: Theory and research , Edited by: Pervin , L. A. 609 – 637 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Stouffer , S. A. , Suchman , E. A. , DeVinney , L. C. , Starr , S. A. and Williams , R. M. 1949 . The American soldier: Adjustment during Army life , Vol. 1 , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
  • Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1994 . Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction . Psychological Bulletin , 116 : 21 – 27 .
  • Thibaut , J. W. and Kelley , H. H. 1959 . The social psychology of groups , New York : Wiley .
  • Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1981 . The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice . Science , 211 : 453 – 458 .
  • Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1984 . Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 465 – 490 .
  • Watson , D. and Tellegen , A. 1985 . Toward a consensual structure of mood . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 219 – 235 .
  • Weiner , B. 1985 . An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion . Psychological Review , 92 : 548 – 573 .
  • Weiner , B. 1986 . An attributional theory of motivation and emotion , New York : Springer .
  • Weiner , B. , Russell , D. and Lerman , D. 1978 . “ Affective consequences of causal ascriptions ” . In New directions in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. , Ickes , W. J. and Kidd , R. F. Vol. 2 , 59 – 88 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Weiner , B. , Russell , D. and Lerman , D. 1979 . The cognition-emotion process in achievement-related contexts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1211 – 1220 .
  • Zuckerman , M. 1979 . Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory . Journal of Personality , 47 : 245 – 287 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.