228
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Processing of “unattended” threat-related information: Role of emotional content and context

, &
Pages 1049-1074 | Received 05 Jan 2005, Published online: 03 Feb 2007

References

  • Ashby , F. G. , Isen , A. M. and Turken , U. 1999 . A neurological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition . Psychological Review , 106 : 529 – 550 .
  • Aspinwall , L. G. and Taylor , S. E. 1997 . A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 417 – 36 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Calvo , M. G. and Castillo , M. D. 2005 . Foveal vs. parafoveal attention-grabbing power of threat-related information . Experimental Psychology , 52 : 150 – 162 .
  • Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention (CSEA-NIMH) . (1999) . The International Affective Picture System: Digitized photographs . Gainesville, FL : Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida. USA .
  • Challis , B. H. and Krane , R. V. 1988 . Mood induction and the priming of semantic memory in a lexical decision task: Asymmetric effects of elation and depression . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 26 : 309 – 312 .
  • Chiarello , C. 1991 . “ Interpretation of word meanings by the cerebral hemispheres: One is not enough ” . In The psychology of word meanings , Edited by: Schwanenflugel , P. 251 – 278 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Dijksterhuis , A. and Aarts , H. 2003 . On wildebeests and humans: The preferential detection of negative stimuli . Psychological Science , 14 : 14 – 18 .
  • Draine , S. C and Greenwald , A. G. 1998 . Replicable unconscious semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 286 – 303 .
  • Duscherer , K. and Holender , D. 2002 . No negative semantic priming from unconscious flanker words in sight . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 28 : 839 – 853 .
  • Fazio , R. 2001 . On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 115 – 141 .
  • Findlay , J. M. and Gilchrist , I. D. 2003 . Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Forgas , J. P. 1995 . Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM) . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 39 – 66 .
  • Fuentes , L. J. and Santiago , E. 1999 . Spatial and semantic inhibitory processing in schizophrenia . Neuropsychology , 13 : 259 – 270 .
  • Fuentes , L. J. and Tudela , P. 1992 . Semantic processing of foveally and parafoveally presented words in a lexical decision task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 299 – 322 .
  • Henderson , J. M. and Ferreira , F. 2003 . “ Scene perception for psycholinguists ” . In The interface of language, vision, and action: Eye movements and the visual world , Edited by: Henderson , J. M. and Ferreira , F. 1 – 58 . New York : Psychology Press .
  • Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2001 . A time course analysis of the affective priming effect . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 143 – 165 .
  • Isen , A. M. 1984 . “ Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition ” . In Handbook of social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. and Srull , T. Vol. 3 , 174 – 236 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Isen , A. M. 1985 . Asymmetry of happiness and sadness in effects on memory in normal college students: Comments on Hasher, Rose, Zacks, Sanft, and Doren . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 114 : 388 – 391 .
  • Kanne , S. 2002 . The role of semantic, orthographic, and phonological prime information in unilateral visual neglect . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 19 : 245 – 261 .
  • Klauer , K. C and Musch , J. 2003 . “ Affective priming: Findings and theories ” . In The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion , Edited by: Musch , J. and Klauer , K. C. 7 – 49 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. 1997 . “ Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action ” . In Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes , Edited by: Lang , P. J. , Simmons , R. F. and Balaban , M. T. 97 – 135 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. 1998 . Emotion and motivation: Measuring affective perception . Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology , 15 : 397 – 08 .
  • Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. 1999 . International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings , Gainesville, FL : Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, USA .
  • Mathews , A. and Mackintosh , B. 1998 . A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 539 – 560 .
  • McKenna , F. P. and Sharma , D. 1995 . Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 21 : 1595 – 1607 .
  • Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. 1998 . A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 809 – 848 .
  • Mondor , T. A. and Bryden , M. P. 1992 . On the relation between visual spatial attention and visual field asymmetries . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44A : 529 – 555 .
  • Niedenthal , P. M. , alberstandt , J. B. and Setterlund , M. B. 1997 . Being happy and seeing “happy”: Emotional state mediates visual word recognition . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 403 – 32 .
  • Niedenthal , P. M. and Setterlund , M. B. 1994 . Emotion congruence in perception . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 401 – 11 .
  • Öhman , A. 1996 . “ Preferential preattentive processing of threat in anxiety: Preparedness and attentional biases ” . In Current controversies in anxiety disorders , Edited by: Rapee , R. M. 253 – 290 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Öhman , A. 1999 . “ Distinguishing unconscious from conscious emotional processes: Methodological considerations and theoretical implications ” . In Handbook of cognition and emotion , Edited by: Dalgleish , T. and Power , M. 321 – 352 . Wiley : ChichesterUK .
  • Ortells , J. J. , Abad , M. J. , Noguera , C and Lupiáñez , J. 2001 . Influence of prime-probe stimulus onset asynchrony and prime precuing manipulations on semantic priming effects with words in a lexical decision task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 75 – 91 .
  • Ortells , J. J. , Tudela , P. , Noguera , C and Abad , M. J. 1998 . Attentional orienting within the visual field in a lexical decision task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1675 – 1689 .
  • Pollatsek , A. , Bolozky , S. , Well , A. D. and Rayner , K. 1981 . Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers . Brain and Language , 14 : 174 – 180 .
  • Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
  • Rayner , K. 1998 . Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research . Psychological Bulletin , 124 : 372 – 22 .
  • Rayner , K. , White , S. J. , Kambe , G. , Miller , B. and Liversedge , S. P. 2003 . “ On the processing of meaning from parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading ” . In The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research , Edited by: Hyönä , J. , Radach , R. and Deubel , H. 213 – 234 . Oxford : Elsevier Sciences .
  • Reichle , E. D. , Rayner , K. and Pollatsek , A. 2003 . The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 26 : 445 – 526 .
  • Riemann , B. C. and McNally , R. J. 1995 . Cognitive processing of personally relevant information . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 325 – 340 .
  • Robinson , M. D. 1998 . Running from William James' bear: A review of preattentive mechanisms and their contribution to emotional experience . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 667 – 696 .
  • Rusting , C. L. 1998 . Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: Three conceptual frameworks . Psychological Bulletin , 124 : 165 – 196 .
  • Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-prime user's guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools, Inc .
  • Sebastián-Gallés , N. , Martí , M. A. , Cuetos , F. and Carreiras , M. 1996 . LEXESP: Una base de datos informatizada del espanol [LEXESP: A computerized database of Spanish] , Barcelona : University of Barcelona .
  • Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1993 . Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 233 – 269 .
  • Spalek , T. M. and Hammad , S. 2005 . The left-to-right bias in inhibition of return is due to direction of reading . Psychological Science , 16 : 15 – 18 .
  • Storbeck , J. and Robinson , M. D. 2004 . Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects: A systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 81 – 93 .
  • Wandell , B. A. 1995 . Foundations of vision , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
  • Wentura , D. , Rothermund , K. and Bak , P. 2000 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach-and avoidance-related social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 1024 – 1037 .
  • White , M. 1996 . Automatic affective appraisal of words . Cognition and Emotion , 10 : 199 – 211 .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1996 . The emotional Stroop task and psycho-pathology . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 3 – 24 .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed. , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.