Do smokers have a negative implicit attitude toward smoking?

References

• De Houwer , J. in press . “ What are implicit measures and why are we using them ” . In The handbook of implicit cognition and addiction , Edited by: Wiers , R. W. and Stacy , A. W. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. and Olson , M. A. 2003 . Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 : 297 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. E. and Schwartz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1464 – 1480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Nosek , B. A. and Banaji , M. R. 2003 . Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: An improved scoring algorithm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 197 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , H. A. , Olson , M. A. , & Fazio , R. H. (in press) . The influence of experimentally-created extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Huijding , J. , & de Jong , P. J. (in press) . Automatic associations with the sensory aspects of smoking: Positive in habitual smokers but negative in non-smokers . Addictive Behaviors .
   Google Scholar
• Huijding , J. , de Jong , P. J. , Wiers , R. W. and Verkooijen , K. 2005 . Implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking in a smoking and nonsmoking context . Addictive Behaviors , 30 : 949 – 961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jajodia , A. and Earleywine , M. 2003 . Measuring alcohol expectancies with the Implicit Association Test . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 17 : 126 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinski , A. and Hilton , J. L. 2001 . Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 774 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek , B. A. , Banaji , M. R. and Greenwald , A. G. 2002 . Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website . Group Dynamics , 6 : 101 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek , B. A. , Greenwald , A. G. and Banaji , M. R. 2005 . Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and context validation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 : 166 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek , B. A. , & Hansen , J. J. (2004) . The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit cognition . Unpublished manuscript .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , M. A. and Fazio , R. H. 2004 . Reducing the influence of extra-personal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 86 : 653 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfai , T. P. and Ostafin , B. D. 2003 . Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: Assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified IAT . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 : 1149 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. E. and Berridge , K. C. 1993 . The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction . Brain Research Reviews , 18 : 247 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , S. J. , Presson , C. C. , Chassin , L. , Rose , J. S. and Koch , K. 2003 . Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 22 : 13 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. E. , Rudman , L. A. and Greenwald , A. G. 2001 . Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatised behaviour . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 207 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers , R. W. , & de Jong , P. J. (in press) . Implicit and explicit alcohol, smoking, and drug-related cognitions and emotions . In F. Columbus (Ed.) , Progress in Social Psychology , Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Wiers , R. W. and Stacy , A. W. in press . The handbook of implicit cognition and addiction , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wiers , R. W. , van Woerden , N. , Smulders , F. T. Y. and de Jong , P. J. 2002 . Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 648 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigboldus , D. , Holland , R. W. , & van Knippenberg , A. (2005) . Single target implicit associations . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar