The costs of suppressing stressful memories

References

• Abramowitz , J. S. , Tolin , D. F. and Street , G. P. 2001 . Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 : 683 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual (4th ed.) . Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Emslie , H. , & Nimmo-Smith , I. ( 1992 ). The Speed and Capacity of Language Processing (SCOLP) test . Bury St Edmonds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company .
   Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Reynolds , M. and Tata , P. 1999 . Autobiographical memory processes and the course of depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 108 : 511 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. and Yiend , J. 2006 . The effects of suppressing a negative autobiographical memory on concurrent intrusions and subsequent autobiographical recall in dysphoria . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 : 467 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depue , B. E. , Banich , M. T. and Curran , T. 2006 . Suppression of emotional and nonemotional content in memory. Effects of repetition on cognitive control . Psychological Science , 17 : 441 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , H. C. , Moore , B. A. , Varner , L. J. and Ottaway , S. A. 1997 . Depressed mood, task organization, cognitive interference, and memory: Irrelevant thoughts predict recall performance . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 12 : 453 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , P. C. , Hendrick , R. and Johnson , M. 2001 . Memory interference during language processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 27 : 1411 – 1423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , P. C. , Hendrick , R. and Johnson , M. 2004 . Effects of noun phrase type on sentence complexity . Journal of Memory and Language , 51 : 97 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. G. and Bryant , R. A. 1999 . The role of anxiety in attempted thought suppression following exposure to distressing or neutral stimuli . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 23 : 39 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1988 . “ Working memory, comprehension and aging: A review and a new view ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. G. Vol. 22 , 193 – 225 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. J. , Wilner , N. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. E. and Kahn , J. H. 1994 . Effects of suppression of personal intrusive thoughts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 998 – 1006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , K. and Boals , A. 2001a . The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 565 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , K. and Boals , A. 2001b . Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 520 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyken , W. and Brewin , C. R. 1994 . Intrusive memories of childhood abuse during depressive episodes . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 525 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig , C. , Hasher , L. and Tonev , S. T. 2001 . Inhibitory control over the present and the past . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 13 : 107 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire , E. A. and Mummery , C. J. 1999 . Differential modulation of a common memory retrieval network revealed by positron emission tomography . Hippocampus , 9 : 54 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae , C. N. , Bodenhausen , G. V. , Milne , A. B. and Wheeler , V. 1996 . On resisting the temptation for simplification: Counterintentional effects of stereotype suppression on social memory . Social Cognition , 14 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally , R. J. and Ricciardi , J. N. 1996 . Suppression of negative & neutral thoughts . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 24 : 17 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Merckelbach , H. , van den Hout , M. and de Jong , P. 1992 . Suppression of emotional and neutral material . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 : 639 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie , K. J. , Booth , R. J. and Pennebaker , J. W. 1998 . The immunological effects of thought suppression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1264 – 1272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon , C. and Clark , D. A. 2001 . Suppression of obsession-like thoughts in nonclinical individuals: Impact on thought frequency, appraisal and mood state . Behavior Research and Therapy , 39 : 1163 – 1181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1981 . Part I: Unwanted intrusive cognitions . Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy , 3 : 89 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Roemer , L. and Borkovec , T. D. 1994 . Effects of suppressing thoughts about emotional material . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 467 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen , D. R. and Fazio , R. H. 1992 . On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 198 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart , L. and Wegner , D. M. 1999 . Covering up what can't be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 474 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco , C. and Bond , A. 1998 . Personal relevance is an important dimension for visceral reactivity in emotional imagery . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 231 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. 1994 . Ironic processes of mental control . Psychological Review , 101 : 34 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. and Erber , R. 1992 . The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 903 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. , Erber , R. and Zanakos , S. 1993 . Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 ( 6 ) : 1093 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. , Schneider , D. , Carter , S. and White , T. 1987 . Paradoxical effects of thought suppression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 5 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Wegner , D. M. 2000 . “ Thought suppression ” . In Annual review of psychology , Edited by: Fiske , S. T. Vol. 51 , 59 – 91 . Palo Alto, CA : Annual Reviews .
   Google Scholar