Automatic attitudes and alcohol: Does implicit liking predict drinking?

References

• Blanton , H. and Jaccard , J. 2006 . Tests of multiplicative models in psychology: A case study using the unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept . Psychological Review , 113 : 155 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosson , J. K. , Swann , W. B. and Pennebaker , J. W. 2000 . Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 631 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. T. and Fiske , D. W. 1959 . Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait–multimatrix method . Psychological Bulletin , 56 : 81 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , W. M. , Fadardi , J. S. and Pothos , E. M. 2006 . The addiction-Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 443 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , W. A. , Preacher , K. J. and Banaji , M. R. 2001 . Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity . Psychological Science , 12 : 163 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D. A. , Grant , B. F. , Stinson , F. S. and Chou , P. S. 2005 . Psychopathology associated with drinking and alcohol use disorders in the college and general adult populations . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 77 : 139 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. 2003 . The extrinsic affective Simon task . Experimental Psychology , 50 : 77 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Crombez , G. , Koster , E. H. W. and De Beul , N. 2004 . Implicit alcohol-related cognitions in a clinical sample of heavy drinkers . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 35 : 275 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Custers , R. , & De Clercq , A. (2006) . Do smokers have a negative implicit attitude toward smoking? Cognition and Emotion , 20 , 1274 – 1284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Geldof , T. , & De Bruycker , E. (2005) . The Implicit Association Test as a general measure of similarity . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 29 , 228 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Del Boca , F. K. and Noll , J. A. 2000 . Truth or consequences: The validity of self-report data in health services research on addictions . Addiction , 95 : S347 – S360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeff , L. , Baer , J. , Kivlahan , D. and Marlatt , G. A. 1999 . Brief alcohol screening and intervention for college students: A harm reduction approach , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunton , B. C. and Fazio , R. H. 1997 . An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 316 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt , B. J. , Dickinson , A. and Robbins , T. W. 2001 . The neuropsychological basis of addictive behavior . Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews , 36 : 129 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Jackson , J. R. , Dunton , B. C. and Williams , C. J. 1995 . Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1013 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. and Banaji , M. R. 1995 . Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes . Psychological Review , 102 : 4 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. E. and Schwartz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1464 – 1480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. and Nosek , B. A. 2001 . Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3 . Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie , 48 : 85 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Nosek , B. A. and Banaji , M. R. 2003 . Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 197 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , T. M. , Jarvik , M. E. and Rosenblatt , M. R. 1993 . Nicotine abstinence produces content-specific Stroop interference . Psychopharmacology , 110 : 333 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2001 . A time course analysis of the affective priming effect . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 143 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , W. , Gschwendner , T. and Schmitt , M. 2005 . On implicit–explicit consistency: The moderating role of individual differences in awareness and adjustment . European Journal of Personality , 19 : 25 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. 1991 . A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 : 513 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jajodia , A. and Earleywine , M. 2003 . Measuring alcohol expectancies with the Implicit Association Test . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 17 : 126 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , B. G. (2006) . MediaLab (Version 2006.1.16) [Computer Software] . New York : Empirisoft Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Johnsen , B. H. , Laberg , J. C. , Cox , W. M. , Vaksdal , A. and Hugdahl , K. 1994 . Alcoholic subjects’ attentional bias in the processing of alcohol-related words . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 8 : 111 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• McCusker , C. G. and Gettings , B. 1997 . Automaticity of cognitive biases in addictive behaviours: Further evidence with gamblers . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 543 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnis , J. M. and Foege , W. H. 1993 . Actual cases of death in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 270 : 2207 – 2212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 1993 . Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 723 – 739 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , M. A. and Fazio , R. H. 2004 . Reducing the influence of extra-personal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 86 : 653 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfai , T. P. and Ostafin , B. D. 2003 . Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: Assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified IAT . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 : 1149 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , B. K. 2001 . Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 181 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , B. K. , Burkley , M. A. , & Stokes , M. B. (2007) . Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Payne , B. K. , Cheng , C. M. , Govorun , O. and Stewart , B. D. 2005 . An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 89 : 277 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , B. K. , McClernon , J. F. , & Dobbins , I. G. (in press) . Automatic affective responses to smoking cues . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Plant , E. A. and Devine , P. G. 1998 . Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 811 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presley , C. H. and Meilman , P. W. 1989 . The core alcohol and drug survey , Carbondale, IL : The Core Institute, Southern Illinois University .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. E. and Berridge , K. C. 1993 . The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction . Brain Research Reviews , 18 : 247 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermund , K. and Wentura , D. 2004 . Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test: Dissociating salience from associations . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 139 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Craig , M. , Wilkinson , D. A. and Davila , R. 1995 . Empirically based guidelines for moderate drinking: 1-year results from three studies with problem drinkers . American Journal of Public Health , 85 : 823 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , S. J. , Rose , J. S. , Koch , K. , Presson , C. C. and Chassin , L. 2003 . Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 22 : 13 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell , L. C. and Sobell , M. B. 1990 . Self-report issues in alcohol abuse: State of the art and future directions . Behavioral Assessment , 12 : 77 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. E. , Rudman , L. A. and Greenwald , A. G. 2001 . Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude–behaviour consistency for stigmatised behaviour . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 207 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hippel , W. , Sekaquaptewa , D. and Vargas , P. 1997 . The Linguistic Intergroup Bias as an implicit indicator of prejudice . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 : 490 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , H. , Davenport , A. , Dowdall , G. , Moeykens , B. and Castillo , S. 1994 . Health and behaviorial consequences of binge drinking in college: A national survey of students at 140 campuses . Journal of the American Medical Association , 272 : 1672 – 1677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. 1994 . Ironic processes of mental control . Psychological Review , 101 : 34 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. and Erber , R. 1992 . The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 903 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers , R. W. , & Stacy , A. W. (2006) . Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wiers , R. W. , van Woerden , N. , Smulders , F. T. Y. and De Jong , P. J. 2002 . Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 648 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , R. A. and Rompre , P. P. 1989 . Brain dopamine and reward . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 191 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar