1,409
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Emote aloud during learning with AutoTutor: Applying the Facial Action Coding System to cognitive–affective states during learning

, , &
Pages 777-788 | Received 05 Sep 2005, Published online: 24 Jun 2008

References

  • Agarwal , R. and Srikant , R. 1994 . “ Fast algorithms for mining association rules in large databases ” . In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases , Edited by: Bocca , J. B. , Jarke , M. and Zaniolo , C. 487 – 499 . Santiago, , Chile : Morgan Kaufmann .
  • Barrett , L. F. 2006 . Emotions as natural kinds? . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 28 – 58 .
  • Chi , M. T. H. , Bassok , M. , Lewis , M. W. , Reimann , P. and Glaser , R. 1989 . Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems . Cognitive Science , 13 : 145 – 182 .
  • Cohn , J. F. and Kanade , T. 2007 . “ Use of automated facial image analysis for measurement of emotion expression ” . In The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment , Edited by: Coan , J. A. and Allen , J. B. 222 – 238 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Conati , C. 2002 . Probabilistic assessment of user's emotions in educational games . Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence , 16 : 555 – 575 .
  • Craig , S. D. , Graesser , A. C. , Sullins , J. and Gholson , B. 2004 . Affect and learning: An exploratory look into the role of affect in learning . Journal of Educational Media , 29 : 241 – 250 .
  • D'Mello , S. K. , Picard , R. and Graesser , A. C. 2007 . Toward an affect-sensitive AutoTutor . IEEE Intelligent Systems , 22 ( 4 ) : 53 – 61 .
  • Damasio , A. R. 1995 . Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain , New York : HarperCollins .
  • Earthman , E. A. 1992 . Creating the virtual work: Reader's processes in understanding literary texts . Research in the Teaching of English , 26 : 351 – 384 .
  • Ekman , P. 2003 . Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life , New York : Henry Holt .
  • Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1978 . The facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Ericsson , K. A. , & Simon , H. A. 1993 . Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (revised ed.) . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Eva-Wood , A. L. 2004 . How think- and feel-aloud instruction influences poetry readers . Discourse Processes , 38 : 173 – 192 .
  • Fan , C. , Sarrafzadeh , A. , Overmyer , S. , Hosseini , H. G. , Biglari-Abhari , M. and Bigdeli , A. 2003 . “ A fuzzy approach to facial expression analysis in intelligent tutoring systems ” . In Advances in technology-based education: Towards a knowledge-based society , Edited by: Méndez-Vilas , A. and Mesa González , J. A. Vol. 3 , 1933 – 1937 . Badajoz, , Spain : Junta De Extremadura .
  • Graesser , A. C. , Chipman , P. , Haynes , B. C. and Olney , A. 2005 . AutoTutor: An intelligent tutoring system with mixed-initiative dialogue . IEEE Transactions in Education , 48 : 612 – 618 .
  • Graesser , A. C. , Lu , S. , Olde , B. A. , Cooper-Pye , E. and Whitten , S. 2005 . Question asking and eye tracking during cognitive disequilibrium: Comprehending illustrated texts on devices when the devices break down . Memory and Cognition , 33 : 1235 – 1247 .
  • Isen , A. M. 1999 . “ Positive affect ” . In Handbook of cognition and emotion , Edited by: Dalgliesh , T. and Power , M. J. 521 – 539 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Kapoor , A. , Mota , S. , & Picard , R. 2001 . Toward a learning companion that recognizes affect . In Proceedings from Emotional and Intelligent II: The tangled knot of social cognition ( AAAI Fall Symposium , pp. 67 – 72 ). Menlo Park, CA : AAAI Press .
  • Knoblich , G. , Ohlsson , S. and Raney , R. E. 2001 . An eye movement study of insight problem solving . Memory and Cognition , 29 : 1000 – 1009 .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1996 . The emotional brain , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Lepper , M. R. , Woolverton , M. , Mumme , D. L. and Gurtner , J. L. 1991 . “ Motivational techniques of expert human tutors: Lessons for the design of computer-based tutors ” . In Computers as cognitive tools , Edited by: Lajoie , S. P. and Derry , S. J. 75 – 105 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Linnenbrink , E. A. and Pintrich , P. R. 2004 . “ Role of affect in change processing in academic contexts ” . In Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development , Edited by: Dai , D. Y. and Sternberg , R. J. 57 – 88 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Litman , D. and Forbes-Riley , K. 2006 . Correlations between dialogue acts and learning in spoken tutoring dialogues . Natural Language Engineering , 12 ( 2 ) : 161 – 176 .
  • Merriam-Webster, Inc. (n.d.) . Merriam-Webster OnLine . ( Available from : http://www.m-w.com – accessed 7 July 2003)
  • Meyer , D. K. and Turner , J. C. 2002 . Discovering emotion in classroom motivation research . Educational Psychologist , 37 : 107 – 114 .
  • Newell , A. and Simon , H. A. 1972 . Human problem solving , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Ortony , A. , Clore , G. L. and Collins , A. 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Otero , J. and Graesser , A. C. 2001 . PREG: Elements of a model of question asking . Cognition & Instruction , 19 : 143 – 175 .
  • Pantic , M. and Rothkrantz , M. 2000 . Expert system for automatic analysis of facial expression . Image and Vision Computing , 18 : 881 – 905 .
  • Pekrun , R. , Goetz , T. , Titz , W. and Perry , R. P. 2002 . Academic emotions in student's self-regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative research . Educational Psychologist , 37 : 91 – 105 .
  • Picard , R. W. 1997 . Affective computing , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Rozin , P. and Cohen , A. B. 2003 . High frequency of facial expressions corresponding to confusion, concentration, and worry in an analysis of naturally occurring facial expressions of Americans . Emotion , 3 : 68 – 75 .
  • Stein , N. L. and Hernandez , M. W. 2007 . “ Assessing understanding and appraisals during emotional experience: The development and use of the Narcoder ” . In Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment , Edited by: Coan , J. A. and Allen , J. J. New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Stipek , D. 1998 . Motivation to learn: From theory to practice , 3rd ed , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Trabasso , T. and Magliano , J. 1996 . Conscious understanding during comprehension . Discourse Processes , 21 : 225 – 286 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.