604
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Anxiety-linked task performance: Dissociating the influence of restricted working memory capacity and increased investment of effort

, &
Pages 753-781 | Received 16 Oct 2007, Published online: 13 May 2009

References

  • Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford, , UK : Clarendon Press .
  • Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In Recent advances in learning and motivation: Advances in research amd theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 8 , 47 – 89 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Beiling , P. J. , Antony , M. M. and Swinson , R. P. 1998 . The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version: Structure and content re-examined . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 777 – 788 .
  • Bradley , M. M. and Lang , P. J. 1999 . International affective digitised sounds (IADS): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings (Technical Report B-2) , Gainesville, FL : The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida .
  • Brooks , L. 1978 . “ Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances ” . In Cognition and categorization , Edited by: Rosch , E. and Lloyd , B. B. 169 – 211 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Calvo , M. G. 1985 . Effort, aversive representations and performance in test anxiety . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 : 563 – 571 .
  • Calvo , M. G. and Alamo , L. 1987 . Test anxiety and motor performance: The role of muscular and attentional demands . International Journal of Psychology , 22 : 165 – 177 .
  • Calvo , M. G. and Castillo , M. D. 1995 . Phonological coding in reading comprehension: The importance of individual differences . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 365 – 382 .
  • Calvo , M. G. and Eysenck , M. W. 1996 . Phonological working memory and reading in test anxiety . Memory , 4 : 289 – 305 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1982 . Attention and arousal: Cognition and performance , Berlin, , Germany : Springer .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1985 . Anxiety and cognitive-task performance . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 : 579 – 586 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1988 . Anxiety and attention . Anxiety Research , 1 : 9 – 15 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. and Calvo , M. G. 1992 . Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 409 – 434 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. , Derakshan , N. , Santos , R. and Calvo , M. G. 2007 . Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory . Emotion , 7 : 336 – 353 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. , Payne , S. and Derakshan , N. 2005 . Trait anxiety, visuospatial processing and working memory . Cognition and Emotion , 19 : 1214 – 1228 .
  • Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortful processes in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 388 .
  • Hayes , N. A. and Broadbent , D. E. 1988 . Two modes of learning for interactive tasks . Cognition , 28 : 249 – 276 .
  • Humphreys , M. S. and Revelle , W. 1984 . Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing . Psychological Review , 91 : 153 – 184 .
  • Kellogg , R. T. 1982 . When can we introspect accurately about mental processes? . Memory and Cognition , 10 : 141 – 144 .
  • Kellogg , R. T. and Bourne , L. E. 1989 . “ Nonanalytic-automatic abstraction of concepts ” . In Conditioning, cognition and methodology: Contemporary issues in experimental psychology , Edited by: Sidowski , J. B. Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
  • Kemler Nelson , D. G. 1984 . The effect of intention on what concepts are acquired . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 23 : 734 – 759 .
  • MacLeod , C. and Donnellan , A. M. 1993 . Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity . Personality and Individual Differences , 15 : 163 – 173 .
  • Mathews , R. C. , Buss , R. R. , Stanley , W. B. , Blanchard-Fields , F. , Cho , J. R. and Druhan , B. 1989 . Role of implicit and explicit processes in learning from examples: A synergistic effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 1083 – 1100 .
  • Murray , N. P. and Janelle , C. M. 2003 . Anxiety and performance: A visual search examination of the processing efficiency theory . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 25 : 171 – 187 .
  • Reber , A. S. 1976 . Implicit learning of synthetic languages: The role of instructional set . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 2 : 88 – 94 .
  • Sarason , I. G. 1984 . Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 929 – 938 .
  • Sarason , I. G. 1988 . Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention . Anxiety Research , 1 : 3 – 7 .
  • Smith , J. D. and Shapiro , J. H. 1989 . The occurrence of holistic categorization . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 386 – 399 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Lushene , R. , Vagg , P. R. and Jacobs , G. A. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologist Press .
  • Tohill , J. M. and Holyoak , K. J. 2000 . The impact of anxiety on analogical reasoning . Thinking and Reasoning , 6 : 27 – 40 .
  • Ward , T. B. , & Becker , A. H. 1992 . Learning categories with and without trying: Does it make a difference? In : B. Burns Percepts, concepts and categories: The representation and processing of information. Advances in Psychology , 93 , 451 – 491 .
  • Wattenmaker , W. D. 1993 . Incidental concept learning, feature frequency, and correlated properties . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 19 : 203 – 222 .
  • Weinberg , R. S. 1990 . Anxiety and motor performance: Where to from here? . Anxiety Research , 2 : 227 – 242 .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Wilson , M. , Smith , N. C. , Chattington , M. , Ford , M. and Marple-Horvat , D. E. 2006 . The role of effort in moderating the anxiety–performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 1223 – 1233 .
  • Wood , J. , Mathews , A. and Dalgleish , T. 2001 . Anxiety and cognitive inhibition . Emotion , 1 : 166 – 181 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.