Biases in use of positive and negative words across twenty natural languages

References

• Baumeister , R. F. , Bratslavsky , E. , Finkenauer , C. and Vohs , K. D. 2001 . Bad is stronger than good . Review of General Psychology , 5 : 323 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Benjafiel , J. 1983 . Some psychological hypotheses concerning the evolution of constructs . British Journal of Psychology , 74 : 47 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher , J. and Osgood , C. E. 1969 . The Polyanna hypothesis . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 8 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. 1948 . Gradients of approach and avoidance responses and their relation to level of motivation . Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , 41 : 450 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Gardner , W. L. and Bernston , G. G. 1997 . Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 1 : 3 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colston , H. L. 1999 . Not good” is “Bad”, but “Not Bad” is not “Good”: An analysis of three accounts of negation asymmetry . Discourse Processes , 28 : 237 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , D. 1991 . How mental systems believe . American Psychologist , 46 : 107 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , N. 1965 . The asymmetry of liking and disliking. A phenomenon meriting further reflection and research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 29 : 315 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. , Knetsch , J. L. and Thaler , R. H. 1990 . Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem . Journal of Political Economy , 98 : 1325 – 1348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1979 . Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk . Econometrica , 47 : 263 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanouse , D. and Hanson , L. 1972 . “ Negativity in evaluations ” . In Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior , Edited by: Jones , E. E. , Kanouse , D. E. , Kelley , H. H. , Nisbett , B. E. , Valins , S. and Weiner , B. 47 – 62 . Morristown, NJ : General Learning Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leech , G. , Rayson , P. and Wilson , A. 2001 . Word frequencies in written and spoken English based on the British National Corpus , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Matlin , M. W. and Stang , D. J. 1978 . The Polyanna principle. Selectivity in language, memory, and thought , Cambridge, MA : Schenkman Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Osgood , C. E. and Hoosain , R. 1983 . Polyanna II: Two types of negativity . Journal of Psychology , 113 : 151 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood , C. E. , May , W. H. and Miron , M. S. 1975 . Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parducci , A. 1995 . Happiness, pleasure, and judgment. The contextual theory and its applications , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Peeters , G. 1971 . The positive–negative asymmetry: On cognitive consistency and positivity bias . European Journal of Social Psychology , 1 : 455 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters , G. 1974 . Patterns of information implied in interpersonal relations: A case in point on the conversion of social-cognitive schemata, formal causal inferences, and linguistic universals . Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie , 29 : 505 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Peeters , G. 1991 . Evaluative inference in social cognition: The role of direct versus indirect evaluation and positive–negative asymmetry . European Journal of Social Psychology , 21 : 131 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters , G. and Czapinski , J. 1990 . “ Positive–negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational effects ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 1 , 33 – 60 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Royzman , E. and Kumar , R. 2001 . On the relative preponderance of empathic sorrow and its relation to commonsense morality . New Ideas in Psychology , 19 : 131 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royzman , E. B. and Rozin , P. 2006 . Limits of symhedonia: The differential role of prior emotional attachment in sympathy and sympathetic joy . Emotion , 6 : 82 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. and Royzman , E. 2001 . Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 5 : 296 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization–minimization hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. 1968 . Attitudinal effects of mere exposure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 9 ( 2 ) : 1 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar