Brooding and attentional control in processing self-encoded information: Evidence from a modified Garner task

REFERENCES

• Atkinson , A. P. , Tipples , J. , Burt , D. M. and Young , A. W. 2005 . Asymmetric interference between sex and emotion in face perception . Perception and Psychophysics , 67 : 1199 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burwell , R. A. and Shirk , S. R. 2007 . Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 36 : 56 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesla , J. A. and Roberts , J. E. 2007 . Rumination, negative cognition, and their interactive effects on depressed mood . Emotion , 7 : 555 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , R. N. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2000 . Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 24 : 699 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , R. , & Plaut , D. 2005 . The word-frequency database for printed Hebrew . (Available from: http://word-freq.mscc.huji.ac.il/index.html – retrieved 27 October 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Ganel , T. and Goshen-Gottstein , Y. 2002 . Perceptual integrality of sex and identity of faces: Further evidence for the single-route hypothesis . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 28 : 854 – 867 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , W. R. 1974 . The processing of information structure , Potomac, MD : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gilboa-Schechtman , E. , Ben-Arzti , E. , Jeczemien , P. , Marom , S. and Hermesh , H. 2004 . Depression impairs the ability to ignore the emotional aspects of facial expressions: Evidence from the Garner task . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 209 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , R. and LaBar , K. S. 2007 . Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception . Emotion , 7 : 296 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertel , P. T. and Gerstle , M. 2003 . Depressive deficits in forgetting . Psychological Science , 14 : 573 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester , R. and Garavan , H. 2005 . Working memory and executive function: The influence of content and load on the control of attention . Memory and Cognition , 33 ( 2 ) : 221 – 233 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingram , R. E. 1990 . Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 156 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. 2004 . Attentional bias in dysphoria: The role of inhibitory processes . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 125 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. 2006 . Differential effects of rumination and dysphoria on the inhibition of irrelevant emotional material: Evidence from a negative priming task . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 30 : 149 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. , Dkane , M. and Gotlib , I. H. 2006 . Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases . Behavior Therapy , 37 : 269 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. and Gotlib , I. H. 2008 . Updating the contents of working memory in depression: Interference from irrelevant negative material . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 117 : 182 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just , N. and Alloy , L. B. 1997 . The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 221 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , M. A. , Christensen , B. K. , Hawley , L. L. , Gemar , M. S. and Segal , Z. V. 2007 . Inhibitory deficits for negative information in persons with major depressive disorder . Psychological Medicine , 37 : 1249 – 1259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo , C. S. L. , Ho , S. M. Y. and Hollon , S. D. 2008 . The effects of rumination and negative cognitive style on depression: A mediation analysis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 : 487 – 495 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. , Caldwell , N. D. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1998 . Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 166 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1995 . Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 176 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , C. and Buehler , R. 1998 . The impact of negative affect on autobiographical memory: The role of self-focused attention to moods . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1424 – 1440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor N. Doane L. D. Adam E. K. Mineka S. Zinbarg R. E. Griffith J. W. et al in press Within-person variations in self-focused attention and negative affect in depression and anxiety: A diary study Cognition and Emotion
   Google Scholar
• Mor N. Gilboa-Shechtman E. 2008 November Biased executive functioning in depression and rumination Symposium talk presented at the 42nd annual meeting of The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Orlando, FL
   Google Scholar
• Mor , N. and Winquist , J. 2002 . Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 638 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven , M. 2005 . Self-focused attention and the self-regulation of attention: Implications for personality and pathology . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 24 : 382 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan , S. A. , Roberts , J. E. and Gotlib , I. H. 1998 . Neuroticism and ruminative response style as predictors of change in depressive symptomatology . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 445 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1991 . Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 569 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2000 . The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 504 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. and Morrow , J. 1991 . A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The Loma Prieta earthquake . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Wisco , B. E. and Lyubomirsky , S. 2008 . Rethinking rumination . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 : 400 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou , C. and Wells , A. 2001 . Metacognitive beliefs about rumination in recurrent major depression . Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , 8 : 160 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippot , P. and Brutoux , F. 2008 . Induced rumination dampens executive processes in dysphoric young adults . Journal of Behavior Therapy , 39 : 219 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Raes , F. and Hermans , D. 2008 . On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: Brooding versus reflection . Depression and anxiety , 25 : 1067 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. , Gilboa , E. and Gotlib , I. H. 1998 . Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 401 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. V. , Gemar , M. , Truchon , C. , Guirguis , M. and Horowitz , L. M. 1995 . A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 205 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , Z. V. and Vella , D. D. 1990 . Self-schema in major depression: Replication and extension of a priming methodology . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 14 : 161 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , L. and Algom , D. 2000 . Stroop and Garner effects in and out of Posner's beam: Reconciling two conceptions of selective attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 997 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppes , G. , Meiran , N. , Gilboa-Schechtman , E. and Shahar , G. 2008 . Cognitive mechanisms underlying implicit negative self-concept in dysphoria . Emotion , 8 : 386 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan , D. M. , Marx , B. P. , Epstein , E. M. and Dobbs , J. L. 2008 . Expressive writing buffers against maladaptive rumination . Emotion , 8 : 302 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spasojevic , J. and Alloy , L. B. 2001 . Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk to depression . Emotion , 1 : 25 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treynor , W. , Gonzalez , R. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2003 . Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 27 : 247 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. 2004 . Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 : 679 – 694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. 2008 . Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 163 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. and Baracaia , S. 2001 . Why do people ruminate in dysphoric moods? . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 : 723 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. and Brown , R. G. 2002 . Rumination and executive function in depression: An experimental study . Journal of Neurology. Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 72 : 400 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. , Scott , J. , Wingrove , J. , Rimes , K. , Bathurst , N. Steiner , H. 2007 . Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for residual depression: A case series . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 : 2144 – 2154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenk-Sormaz , H. 2005 . Meditation can reduce habitual responding . Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine , 11 : 42 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Bates , D. E. 1998 . Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1559 – 1571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff , R. M. and Wegner , D. M. 2000 . Thought suppression . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 59 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmer , A. J. and Banich , M. T. 2007 . Inhibition versus switching deficits in different forms of rumination . Psychological Science , 18 : 546 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. , Coryell , W. , Corenthal , C. and Wilson , S. 1986 . A self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 43 : 1076 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar