Anger, fear, and escalation of commitment

REFERENCES

• Almada , S. J. , Zonderman , A. B. , Shekelle , R. B. , Dyer , A. R. , Daviglus , M. L. Costa , P. T. Jr . 1991 . Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: The Western Electric Study . Psychosomatic Medicine , 53 : 165 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade , E. B. 2005 . Behavioral consequences of affect: Combining evaluative and regulatory mechanisms . Journal of Consumer Research , 32 : 355 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspinwall , L. G. and Taylor , S. E. 1997 . A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 417 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazerman , M. H. , Beekun , R. I. and Schoorman , F. D. 1982 . Performance evaluation in a dynamic context: A laboratory study of the impact of prior commitment to the ratee . Journal of Applied Psychology , 67 : 873 – 876 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockner , J. 1992 . The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress . Academy of Management Review , 17 : 39 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh , L. A. , Bettman , J. R. , Luce , M. F. and Payne , J. W. 2007 . Appraising the Appraisal-Tendency Framework . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 17 : 169 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlon , E. J. and Parks , J. M. 1987 . Information requests in the context of escalation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 72 : 344 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , M. R. , Schotter , A. , Ozbay , E. Y. and Phelps , E. A. 2008 . Understanding overbidding: Using the neural circuitry of reward to design economic auctions . Science , 321 : 1849 – 1852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert , L. 1994 . Anger management for youth: Stemming aggression and violence , Bloomington, IN : National Educational Service .
   Google Scholar
• Endler , N. S. and Parker , J. D. 1990 . Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 844 – 854 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , S. , Schmida , A. and Yinon , Y. 1996 . Escalation behavior in domains related and unrelated to decision makers’ background . Journal of Business and Psychology , 10 : 245 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner , D. , Ellsworth , P. C. and Edwards , K. 1993 . Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 740 – 752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku , G. 2008a . Before escalation: Behavioral and affective forecasting in escalation of commitment . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 : 1477 – 1491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku , G. 2008b . Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 105 : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugler , T. , Ordóñez , L. , & Connolly , T. 2009 . Emotion, decision and risk: Betting on gambles vs. betting on people . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , D. J. , Mendes de Leon , C. F. , Jenkins , C. D. , Croog , S. H. , Levine , S. and Sudilovsky , A. 1992 . Relation of hostility to medications adherence, symptoms complaints, and blood pressure reduction in a clinical trial of antihypertensive medication . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 36 : 181 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , J. S. and Keltner , D. 2000 . Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 473 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , J. S. and Keltner , D. 2001 . Fear, anger, and risk . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 146 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , J. S. and Tiedens , L. Z. 2006 . Portrait of the angry decision maker: How appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , 19 : 115 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi , A. S. and Fried , Y. 2008 . Differences between African Americans and Whites in reactions to affirmative action programs in hiring, promotion, training, and layoffs . Journal of Applied Psychology , 93 ( 5 ) : 1118 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipshitz , R. 1995 . The road to Desert Storm . Organization Studies , 16 : 22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. F. , Hsee , C. K. , Weber , E. U. and Welch , N. 2001 . Risk as feelings . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 267 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor , B. A. , Bowen , D. J. , Pauler , D. , Andersen , M. R. , Yasui , Y. and McTiernan , A. 2004 . Optimism, perceived risk of breast cancer, and cancer worry among a community-based sample of women . Health Psychology , 23 : 339 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara , G. , Moon , H. and Bromiley , P. 2002 . Banking on commitment: Intended and unintended consequences of an organization's attempt to attenuate escalation of commitment . Academy of Management Journal , 45 : 443 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , S. M. , Brody , D. S. and Summerton , J. 1998 . Styles of coping with threat: Implications for health . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 142 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , T. Q. , Smith , T. W. , Turner , C. W. , Guijarro , M. L. and Hallet , A. J. 1996 . A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health . Psychological Bulletin , 119 : 322 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musante , L. , Treiber , F. A. , Davis , H. , Strong , W. B. and Levy , M. 1992 . Hostility: Relationship to lifestyle behaviors and physical risk factors . Behavioral Medicine , 18 : 21 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preskill , H. and Caracelli , V. 1997 . Current and developing conceptions of use: Evaluation use TIG survey results . Evaluation Practice , 18 ( 3 ) : 209 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Ropeik , D. 2004 . The consequences of fear . European Molecular Biology Organization Reports , 5 : S56 – S60 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. and Staw , B. M. 1986 . Expo 86: An escalation prototype . Administrative Science Quarterly , 31 ( 2 ) : 274 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck , J. and Davis , E. 1994 . Prospect theory predictions when escalation is not the only chance to recover sunk costs . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 57 : 59 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitkin , S. B. and Pablo , A. L. 1992 . Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk-taking behavior . Academy of Management Review , 17 : 9 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitkin , S. B. and Weingart , L. R. 1995 . Determinants of risky decision-making behavior: A test of the mediating role of role perceptions and propensity . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 1537 – 1592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic , P. 1966 . Risk taking in children: Age and sex differences . Child Development , 37 : 169 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. 1976 . Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 16 : 27 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. 1981 . The escalation of commitment to a course of action . Academy of Management Review , 6 : 577 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. 1997 . “ The escalation of commitment: An update and appraisal ” . In Organization decision making , Edited by: Shapira , Z. 191 – 215 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. , Barsade , S. G. and Koput , K. W. 1997 . Escalation at the credit window: A longitudinal study of bank executives’ recognition and write-off of problem loans . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 130 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. and Ross , J. 1987 . Behavior in escalation situations: Antecedents, prototypes, and solutions . Research in Organizational Behavior , 9 : 39 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suinn , R. M. 2001 . The terrible twos—anger and anxiety: Hazardous to your health . American Psychologist , 56 : 27 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellegen , A. , Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1999 . On the dimensional and hierarchical nature of affect . Psychological Science , 10 : 297 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom , V. H. and Pahl , B. 1971 . Relationship between age and risk taking among managers . Journal of Applied Psychology , 55 : 399 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte , G. , Saks , A. M. and Hook , S. 1997 . When success breeds failure: The role of self-efficacy in escalating commitment to a losing course of action . Journal of Organization Behavior , 18 : 415 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. R. , Haka , S. F. , Bettner , M. S. and Carcello , J. V. 2006 . Financial accounting , 12th ed , Boston : McGraw-Hill/Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , K. F. E. 2005 . The role of risk in making decisions under escalation situations . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 54 : 584 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , K. F. E. and Kwong , J. Y. Y. 2007 . The role of anticipated regret in escalation of commitment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 545 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , K. F. E. , Yik , M. S. and Kwong , J. Y. Y. 2006 . Understanding the emotional aspects of escalation of commitment: The role of negative affect . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 282 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. and Baumeister , R. F. 2006 . Your money or your self-esteem: Threatened egotism promotes costly entrapment in losing endeavors . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 881 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar