Emotion control values and responding to an anger provocation in Asian-American and European-American individuals

REFERENCES

• Bargh , J. A. and Chartrand , T. L. 2000 . “ The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research ” . In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Edited by: Reis , H. T. and Judd , C. M. 253 – 285 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellah , R. N. , Madeson , R. , Sullivan , W. M. , Swidler , A. and Tipton , S. M. 1985 . Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Bödekker , I. and Stemmler , G. 2000 . Who responds how and when to anger? The assessment of actual anger response styles and their relation to personality . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 737 – 762 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , M. H. 1993 . Emotions and their expression in Chinese culture . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 17 : 245 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , E. A. , Lee , T. L. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific? . Emotion , 7 : 30 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Berntson , G. G. , Larsen , J. T. , Poehlmann , K. M. and Ito , T. A. 2000 . “ The psychophysiology of emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 173 – 191 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. , Scheier , M. F. and Weintraub , J. K. 1989 . Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 267 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chentsova-Dutton , Y. E. and Tsai , J. L. 2007 . Gender differences in emotional response among European Americans and Hmong Americans . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 162 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. , Nisbett , R. E. and Bowdle , B. F. 1996 . Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 945 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowne , D. P. and Marlowe , D. 1960 . A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 24 : 349 – 354 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1998 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals , 3rd ed , New York : Oxford University Press. (Originally published 1872) .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , Suh , E. M. , Smith , H. and Shao , L. 1995 . National differences in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur? . Social Indicators Research , 34 : 7 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond , P. D. and Quah , S. H. 2001 . The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians . Psychophysiology , 38 : 190 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid , M. and Diener , E. 2001 . Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 869 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1972 . “ Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation , Edited by: Cole , J. K. Vol. 19 , 207 – 283 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1992 . Are there basic emotions? . Psychological Review , 99 : 550 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1969 . The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding . Semiotica , 1 : 49 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1978 . Facial action coding system , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologist Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evers , C. , Fischer , A. H. , Rodriguez Mosquera , P. M. and Manstead , A. S. R. 2005 . Anger and social appraisal: A “spicy” sex difference? . Emotion , 5 : 258 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman Barrett , L. 1997 . The relationship among momentary emotion experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 1100 – 1110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman Barrett , L. 2006 . Are emotions natural kinds? . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 28 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , A. H. , Rodriguez Mosquera , P. M. , van Vianen , A. E. M. and Manstead , A. S. R. 2004 . Gender and culture differences in emotion . Emotion , 4 : 87 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and John , O. P. 2003 . Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 348 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1995 . Emotion elicitation using films . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 87 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrald , M. M. and Tomaka , J. 2002 . Patterns of emotion-specific appraisal, coping, and cardiovascular reactivity during an ongoing emotional episode . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 434 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild , A. R. 1979 . Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure . American Journal of Sociology , 84 : 551 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1971 . The face of emotion , New York : Meredith Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , H. S. and Markus , H. R. 2002 . “ Freedom of speech and freedom of silence: An analysis of talking as a cultural practice ” . In Engaging cultural differences: The multicultural challenge in liberal democracies , Edited by: Shweder , R. A. , Minow , M. and Rose , H. 432 – 452 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , H. S. and Sherman , D. K. 2007 . “Express yourself”: Culture and the effect of self-expression on choice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. S. , Sherman , D. K. , Ko , D. and Taylor , S. E. 2006 . Pursuit of comfort and pursuit of harmony: Culture, relationships, and social support seeking . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 1595 – 1607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. 2002 . Culture and basic psychological processes—Toward a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002) . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 89 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. and Kurokawa , M. 2000 . Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 93 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. , Matsumoto , H. and Norasakkunkit , V. 1997 . Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 1245 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. , Mesquita , B. and Karasawa , M. 2006 . Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 890 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. and Park , H. 2007 . Cultural shaping of self, emotion, and well-being: How does it work? . Social and Personality Psychology Compass , 1 : 202 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Klineberg , O. 1938 . Emotional expression in Chinese literature . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 33 : 517 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Kroeber , A. L. and Kluckholm , C. K. 1952 . Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. , Opton , E. , Tomita , M. and Kodama , M. 1966 . A cross-cultural study of stress-reaction patterns in Japan . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 4 : 622 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le , H. N. , Berenbaum , H. and Raghavan , C. 2002 . Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates and the role of parental socialization of emotions . Emotion , 2 : 341 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson , R. W. , Soto , J. A. and Pole , N. 2007 . “ Emotion, biology, and culture ” . In Handbook of cultural psychology , Edited by: Kitayama , S. and Cohen , D. 780 – 796 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manstead , A. S. R. , Fischer , A. H. and Jakobs , E. B. 1999 . “ The social and emotional functions of facial displays ” . In The social context of nonverbal behavior , Edited by: Philippot , P. , Feldman , R. S. and Coats , E. J. 287 – 313 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. R. 1972 . The expression of feelings . Archives of General Psychiatry , 27 : 786 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. 1990 . Cultural similarities and differences in display rules . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 195 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. 1993 . Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample . Motivation and Emotion , 17 : 107 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. , Takeuchi , S. , Andayani , S. , Kouznetsova , N. and Krupp , D. 1998 . The contribution of individualism vs. collectivism to cross-national differences in display rules . Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 1 : 147 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. , Yoo , S. H. , Fontaine , J. , Anguas-Wong , A. M. , Arriola , M. Ataca , B. 2008 . Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 39 : 55 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss , I. B. , Cook , C. L. , Cheng , J. Y. J. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 66 : 116 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss , I. B. , Cook , C. L. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Automatic emotion regulation during an anger provocation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 : 698 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss , I. B. , Evers , C. , Wilhelm , F. H. and Gross , J. J. 2006 . How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 589 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss , I. B. and Robinson , M. D. 2009 . Measures of emotion: A review . Cognition and Emotion , 23 : 209 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquita , B. 2003 . “ Emotions as dynamic cultural phenomena ” . In Handbook of the affective sciences , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Goldsmith , H. and Rozin , P. 871 – 890 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mesquita , B. and Karasawa , M. 2002 . Different emotional lives . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 127 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , D. 1977 . Handbook of research design and social measurement , New York : Davis McKay Co., Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Oishi , S. 2002 . The experiencing and remembering of well-being: A cross-cultural analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 1398 – 1406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman , D. , Coon , H. M. and Kemmelmeier , M. 2002 . Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 3 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , S. H. 1988 . The cultural construction of emotion in rural Chinese social life . Ethos , 16 : 181 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. F. 2004 . SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers , 36 : 717 – 731 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramirez , J. M. , Andreu , J. M. and Fujihara , T. 2001 . Cultural and sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories . Aggressive Behavior , 27 : 313 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , N. A. and Levenson , R. W. 2006 . Subjective, behavioral, and physiological reactivity to ethnically matched and ethnically mismatched film clips . Emotion , 6 : 635 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , N. A. , Levenson , R. W. and Gross , J. J. 2008 . Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 70 : 82 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 1994 . Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 102 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. and Yik , M. S. M. 1996 . “ Emotion among the Chinese ” . In The handbook of Chinese psychology , Edited by: Bond , M. H. 166 – 188 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 2004 . “ Feelings integrate the central representation of appraisal-driven response organization in emotion ” . In Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium , Edited by: Manstead , A. S. R. , Frijda , N. and Fischer , A. 136 – 157 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scollon , C. N. , Diener , E. , Oishi , S. and Biswas-Diener , R. 2004 . Emotions across cultures and methods . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 35 : 304 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder , R. A. and Haidt , J. 2000 . “ The cultural psychology of the emotions: Ancient and new ” . In Handbook of emotions , 2nd ed , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 397 – 414 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Snibbe , A. C. and Markus , H. R. 2005 . You can't always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 703 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommers , S. 1984 . “ Adults evaluating their emotions: A cross-cultural perspective ” . In Emotion in adult development , Edited by: Malatesta , C. Z. and Izard , C. E. 319 – 338 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stemmler , G. 1997 . Selective activation of traits: Boundary conditions for the activation of anger . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 213 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchday , S. and Larkin , K. T. 2004 . Psychophysiological responses to anger provocation among Asian Indian and White Men . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 11 : 71 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavris , C. 1984 . On the wisdom of counting to ten . Review of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 170 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Tiedens , L. Z. , Ellsworth , P. C. and Mesquita , B. 2000 . Stereotypes about sentiments and status: Emotional expectations for high- and low-status group members . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 560 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmers , M. , Fischer , A. H. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1998 . Gender differences in motives for regulating emotions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 974 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmers , M. , Fischer , A. H. and Manstead , A. S. R. 2003 . Ability versus vulnerability: Beliefs about men's and women's emotional behaviour . Cognition and Emotion , 17 : 41 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis , H. C. 1990 . “ Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1989 , Edited by: Berman , J. 41 – 133 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Triandis , H. C. 1994 . “ Cultural syndromes and emotion ” . In Emotion and culture , Edited by: Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 285 – 306 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Chentsova-Dutton , Y. , Freire-Bebeau , L. and Przymus , D. E. 2002 . Emotional expression and physiology in European Americans and Hmong Americans . Emotion , 2 : 380 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Knutson , B. and Fung , H. H. 2006a . Cultural variation in affect valuation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90 : 288 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. and Levenson , R. W. 1997 . Cultural influences on emotional responding . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 28 : 600 – 625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Levenson , R. W. and Carstensen , L. L. 2000a . Autonomic, subjective, and expressive responses to emotional films in older and younger Chinese Americans and European Americans . Psychology and Aging , 15 : 684 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Levenson , R. W. and McCoy , K. 2006b . Cultural and temperamental variation in emotional response . Emotion , 6 : 484 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Ying , Y. and Lee , P. A. 2000b . The meaning of “being Chinese” and “being American”: Variation among Chinese American young adults . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 31 : 302 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hemert , D. A. , Poortinga , Y. H. and van de Vijver , F. J. R. 2007 . Emotion and culture: A meta-analysis . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 913 – 943 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , F. H. , Grossman , P. and Roth , W. T. 1999 . Analysis of cardiovascular regulation . Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation , 35 : 135 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu , D. Y. H. and Tseng , W. 1985 . “ Introduction: The characteristics of Chinese culture ” . In Chinese culture and mental health , Edited by: Tseng , W. and Wu , D. Y. H. 3 – 13 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar