Age-group differences in interference from young and older emotional faces

REFERENCES

• Adolphs , R. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 1998 . The human amygdala in social judgment . Nature , 393 : 470 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard , E. S. and Isaacowitz , D. M. 2008 . Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual-task paradigm. Aging, Neuropsychology . Cognition , 15 : 725 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasi , J. S. and Rhodes , M. G. 2006 . Evidence for an own-age bias in face recognition . North American Journal of Psychology , 8 : 237 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. 1991 . Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge . Memory & Cognition , 19 : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , J. C. and Fulton , A. 1991 . Familiarity and recognition of faces in old age . Memory & Cognition , 19 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bindemann , M. , Burton , M. , Hooge , I. T. C. , Jenkins , R. and De Haan , E. H. F. 2005 . Faces retain attention . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 12 : 1048 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , V. , Huey , D. and Findlay , J. M. 1997 . Face detection in peripheral vision: Do faces pop out? . Perception , 26 : 1555 – 1570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , V. and Young , A. 1998 . In the eye of the beholder: The science of face perception , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. and Shin , L. M. 2006 . The Multi-Source Interference Task: An fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network . Nature Protocols , 1 : 308 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , G. , Shin , L. M. , Holmes , J. , Rosen , B. R. and Vogt , B. A. 2003 . The Multi-Source Interference Task: Validation study with fMRI in individual subjects . Molecular Psychiatry , 8 : 60 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder , A. J. , Keane , J. , Manlya , T. , Sprengelmeyer , R. , Scott , S. Nimmo-Smith , I. 2003 . Facial expression recognition across the adult life span . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 195 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder , A. J. , Young , A. W. , Keane , J. and Dean , M. 2000 . Configural information in facial expression perception . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 527 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Isaacowitz , D. M. and Charles , S. T. 1999 . Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity . American Psychologist , 54 : 165 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. and Mikels , J. A. 2005 . At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 14 : 117 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton , R. 2003 . The interface between emotion and attention: A review of evidence from psychology and neuroscience . Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews , 2 : 115 – 129 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corbetta , M. and Shulman , G. L. 2002 . Control of goal-directed and stimulus driven attention in the brain . Nature Reviews: Neuroscience , 3 : 201 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , W. A. , Johnson , M. K. , Raye , C. L. , Gatenby , J. C. , Gore , J. C. and Banaji , M. R. 2004 . Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces . Psychological Science , 15 : 806 – 813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan , E. H. F. , Young , A. W. and Newcombe , F. 1987 . Faces interfere with name classification in a prosopagnosic patient . Cortex , 23 : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desimone , R. and Duncan , J. 1995 . Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 18 : 193 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner , N. C. and Johnson , M. K. 2009 . Young and older emotional faces: Are there age-group differences in expression identification and memory? . Emotion , 9 : 329 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner , N. C. , Riediger , M. , & Lindenberger , U. in press FACES—A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and Validation . Behavior Research Methods .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engell , A. D. , Haxby , J. V. and Todorov , A. 2007 . Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in human amygdala . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 : 1508 – 1519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves , F. , Dimberg , U. and Öhman , A. 1994 . Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 393 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. 1996 . Is face recognition “special”? Evidence from neuropsychology . Behavioural Brain Research , 76 : 181 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein , J. S. , Goldin , P. R. , Stein , M. B. , Brown , G. G. and Paulus , M. P. 2002 . Habituation of attentional networks during emotion processing . NeuroReport , 13 : 1255 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . Mini-mental State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. , Bowles , R. and Dutton , K. 2001 . Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 681 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , I. , Skudlarski , P. , Gore , J. C. and Anderson , A. W. 2000 . Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition . Nature Neuroscience , 3 : 191 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren , C. C. , Sarty , M. and Wu , P. Y. 1975 . Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants . Pediatrics , 56 : 544 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , C. L. , Hongwanishkul , D. , Keightley , M. , Lee , W. and Hasher , L. 2007 . The effect of age on memory for emotional faces . Neuropsychology , 21 : 371 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning-Dixon , F. M. , Gur , R. C. , Perkins , A. C. , Schroeder , L. , Turner , T. Turetsky , B. I. 2003 . Age-related differences in brain activation during emotional face processing . Neurobiology of Aging , 24 : 285 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , S. , Carlson , C. , Singer , S. and Gronlund , S. D. 2006 . Aging and visual search: Automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces . Acta Psychologica , 123 : 312 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1988 . “ Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 22 , 193 – 225 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haxby , J. V. , Hoffman , E. A. and Gobbini , M. I. 2000 . The distributed human neural system for face perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 223 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , A. , Vuilleumier , P. and Eimer , M. 2003 . The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: Evidence from event-related brain potentials . Cognitive Brain Research , 16 : 174 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iidaka , T. , Okada , T. , Murata , T. , Omori , M. , Kosaka , H. Sadato , N. 2002 . Age-related differences in the medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI . Hippocampus , 12 : 352 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacowitz , D. M. , Wadlinger , H. A. , Goren , D. and Wilson , H. R. 2006a . Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies . Emotion , 6 : 511 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacowitz , D. M. , Wadlinger , H. A. , Goren , D. and Wilson , H. R. 2006b . Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study . Psychology and Aging , 21 : 40 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. , Burton , A. M. and Ellis , A. W. 2002 . Long-term effects of covert face recognition . Cognition , 86 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. H. , Dziurawiec , S. , Ellis , H. D. and Morton , J. 1991 . Newborns’ preferential tracking of faces and its subsequent decline . Cognition , 40 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwisher , N. , McDermott , J. and Chun , M. M. 1997 . The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception . Journal of Neuroscience , 17 : 4302 – 4311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastner , S. and Ungerleider , L. G. 2001 . The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 1263 – 1276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana , B. , Smith , W. C. and Baker , M. T. 2000 . Not to be and then to be: Visual representation of ignored unfamiliar faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 246 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , M. , Seymour , T. L. , Gaunt , J. T. , Baker , C. , Nesmith , K. and Mather , M. 2007 . Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases . Emotion , 7 : 705 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Crombez , G. , Van Damme , S. , Verschuere , B. and De Houwer , J. 2004 . Does imminent threat capture and hold attention? . Emotion , 4 : 312 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Verschuere , B. , Burssens , B. , Custers , R. and Crombez , G. 2007 . Attention for emotional faces under restricted awareness revisited: Do emotional faces automatically attract attention? . Emotion , 7 : 285 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont , A. C. , Stewart-Williams , S. and Podd , J. 2005 . Face recognition and aging: Effects of target age and memory load . Memory & Cognition , 33 : 1017 – 1024 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. 1995 . Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 451 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. 2000 . “ Selective attention and cognitive control: Dissociating attentional functions through different types of load ” . In Control of cognitive processes. Attention and performance , Edited by: Monsell , S. and Driver , J. Vol. XVIII , 175 – 194 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. 2005 . Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. , Ro , T. and Russell , C. 2003 . The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces . Psychological Science , 14 : 510 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1998 . Fear and the brain: Where we have been, and where are we going? . Biological Psychiatry , 44 : 1229 – 1238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigland , L. A. , Schulz , L. E. and Janowsky , J. S. 2004 . Age related changes in emotional memory . Neurobiology of Aging , 25 : 1117 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack , A. and Rock , I. 1998 . Inattentional blindness , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , S. E. 1986 . Age and gender as factors in facial recognition and identification . Experimental Aging Research , 12 : 151 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces . Psychological Science , 14 : 409 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2005 . Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory . Trends in Cognitive Science , 9 : 496 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Knight , M. R. 2006 . Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults . Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 61 : P54 – P57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. and Mackintosh , B. 1998 . A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 539 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maylor , E. A. and Lavie , N. 1998 . The influence of perceptual load on age differences in selective attention . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 563 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikle , P. , Smilek , D. and Eastwood , J. D. 2001 . Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology . Cognition , 79 : 115 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milders , M. , Sahraie , A. , Logan , S. and Donnellon , N. 2006 . Awareness of faces is modulated by their emotional meaning . Emotion , 6 : 10 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. K. and Cohen , J. D. 2001 . An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 24 : 167 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , D. and Bradley , B. P. 1999 . Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 713 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , C. , Borod , J. , Welkowitz , J. and Alpert , M. 1993 . The perception of facial emotion across the adult life span . Developmental Neuropsychology , 9 : 305 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J. S. , Öhman , A. and Dolan , R. J. 1998 . Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala . Nature , 393 : 467 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J. S. , Öhman , A. and Dolan , R. J. 1999 . A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 96 : 1680 – 1685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Flykt , A. and Lundqvist , D. 2000 . “ Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms ” . In Cognitive neuroscience of emotion , Edited by: Lane , R. D. and Nadel , L. 296 – 327 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Lundqvist , D. and Esteves , F. 2001 . The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 381 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. and Mineka , S. 2001 . Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning . Psychological Review , 108 : 483 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo , R. and Rhodes , G. 2007 . Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 75 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfect , T. J. and Harris , L. J. 2003 . Adult age differences in unconscious transference: Source confusion or identity blending? . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 570 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrett , D. I. , Hietanen , J. K. , Oram , M. W. and Benson , P. J. 1992 . Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 335 : 23 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessoa , L. , McKenna , M. , Guiterrez , E. and Ungerleider , L. G. 2002 . Neural processing of facial expressions requires attention . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 99 : 11458 – 11463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. H. , MacLean , R. D. J. and Allen , R. 2002 . Age and the understanding of emotions: Neuropsychological and sociocognitive perspectives . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 57B : P526 – P530 .
   Google Scholar
• Pourtois , G. , Grandjean , D. , Sander , D. and Vuilleumier , P. 2004 . Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces . Cerebral Cortex , 14 : 619 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puce , A. , Allison , T. , Asgari , M. , Gore , J. C. and McCarthy , G. 1996 . Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letter strings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study . The Journal of Neuroscience , 16 : 5205 – 5215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ro , T. , Russell , C. and Lavie , N. 2001 . Changing faces: A detection advantage in the flicker paradigm . Psychological Science , 12 : 94 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Henry , J. D. , Livingstone , V. and Phillips , L. H. 2008 . A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 32 : 863 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Sullivan , S. and Edge , N. 2006 . Differences in the way older and younger adults rate threat in faces but not situations . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 61B : P187 – P194 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-Prime reference guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Schupp , H. T. , Öhman , A. , Junghöfer , M. , Weike , A. I. , Stickburger , J. and Hamm , A. O. 2004 . The facilitated processing of threatening faces . Emotion , 4 : 189 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergent , K. and Signoret , J.-L. 1992 . Implicit access to knowledge derived from unrecognised faces in prosopagnosia . Cerebral Cortex , 2 : 389 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. , Ruffman , T. and Hutton , S. B. 2007 . Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 62B : P53 – P60 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , R. C. and Hasher , L. 2006 . The influence of emotional valence on age differences in early processing and memory . Psychology and Aging , 21 : 821 – 825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Honk , J. , Tuiten , A. , de Hann , E. H. F. , van den Hout , M. and Stam , H. 2001 . Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 279 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. 2000 . Faces call for attention: Evidence from patients with visual extinction . Neuropsychologia , 38 : 693 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. 2002 . Facial expression and selective attention . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 15 : 291 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. and Schwartz , S. 2001 . Emotional facial expressions capture attention . Neurology , 56 : 153 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Whalen , P. J. , Rauch , S. L. , Etcoff , N. L. , McInerney , S. C. , Lee , M. B. and Jenike , M. A. 1998 . Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulates amygdala activity without explicit knowledge . Journal of Neuroscience , 18 : 411 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen , P. J. , Shin , L. M. , McInerney , S. C. , Fischer , H. , Wright , C. I. and Rauch , S. L. 2001 . A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger . Emotion , 1 : 70 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , M. 1995 . Preattentive analysis of facial expressions of emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 439 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , B. , Cronin-Golomb , A. and Neargarder , S. 2005 . Patterns of visual scanning as predictors of emotion identification in normal aging . Neuropsychology , 19 : 739 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. and Stroud , J. N. 2002 . Age differences in lineup identification accuracy: People are better with their own age . Law and Human Behavior , 26 : 641 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yantis , S. 1998 . “ Control of visual attention ” . In Attention , Edited by: Pashler , H. E. 223 – 256 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Young , A. W. , Ellis , A. W. , Flude , B. M. , McWeeney , K. H. and Hay , D. C. 1986 . FACE–name interference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 12 : 466 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar