Enhancement of cognitive control by approach and avoidance motivational states

References

• Ball , S. A. and Zuckerman , M. 1990 . Sensation seeking: Eysenck's personality dimensions and reinforcement sensitivity in concept formation . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 343 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balota , D. A. , Yap , M. J. , Cortese , M. J. , Hutchinson , K. A. , Kessler , B. Loftis , B. 2007 . The English lexicon project . Behavioral Research Methods , 39 : 445 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. , Bratslavsky , E. , Finkenauer , C. and Vohs , K. D. 2001 . Bad is stronger than good . Review of General Psychology , 5 ( 4 ) : 323 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , S. M , Locke , H. S. , Savine , A. C. , Jimura , K. , & Braver , T. S. 2009 . Primary and secondary rewards differentially modulate neural activity dynamics during working . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , S. J. 2007 . Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: An integrative account . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 11 ( 7 ) : 307 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick , M. M. , Braver , T. S. , Barch , D. M. , Carter , C. S. and Cohen , J. D. 2001 . Conflict monitoring and cognitive control . Psychological Review , 108 ( 3 ) : 624 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher , L. , Palmeri , T. J. , Logan , G. D. and Schall , J. D. 2007 . Inhibitory control in mind and brain: An interactive race model of countermanding saccades . Psychological Review , 114 ( 2 ) : 376 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , M. M. 2000 . “ Emotion and motivation ” . In Handbook of physiology , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. , Tassinary , L. G. and Berntson , G. G. 602 – 642 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braver , T. S. , Paxton , J. L. , Locke , H. S. and Barch , D. M. 2009 . Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 106 ( 18 ) : 7351 – 7356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braver , T. S. and Ruge , H. 2006 . “ Functional neuroimaging of executive functions ” . In Functional neuroimaging of cognition , Edited by: Cabeza , R. and Kingstone , A. 307 – 347 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 1990 . Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view . Psychological Review , 97 : 19 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and White , T. 1994 . Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 319 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , P. H. , Holmes , A. J. and Pizzagalli , D. A. 2008 . Dissociable recruitment of rostral anterior cingulate and inferior frontal cortex in emotional response inhibition . NeuroImage , 42 : 988 – 997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. D. , MacWhinney , B. , Flatt , M. and Provost , J. 1993 . PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and computers , 25 ( 2 ) : 257 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Crowe , E. and Higgins , E. T. 1997 . Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision-making . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 69 ( 2 ) : 117 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. J. 1995 . “ Cerebral asymmetry, emotion, and affective style ” . In Brain asymmetry , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. and Hugdahl , K. 361 – 387 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. J. , Ekman , P. , Saron , C. , Senulis , J. and Friesen , W. V. 1990 . Approach/withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology: I . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 330 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , R. 2000 . “ An intention-activation account of residual switch costs ” . In Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance xvii , Edited by: Monsell , S. and Driver , J. 357 – 376 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Desimone , R. and Duncan , J. 1995 . Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 18 : 193 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreisbach , G. 2006 . How positive affect modulates cognitive control: The costs and benefits of reduced maintenance capability . Brain and Cognition , 60 ( 1 ) : 11 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreisbach , G. and Goschke , T. 2004 . How positive affect modulates cognitive control: Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 30 ( 2 ) : 343 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior . Psychological Review , 66 ( 3 ) : 183 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmann , J. B. and Pessoa , L. 2007 . Motivation sharpens exogenous spatial attention . Emotion , 7 ( 3 ) : 668 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. 2002 . Working memory capacity as executive attention . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 : 19 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. 1967 . The biological basis of personality , Springfield, IL : Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. , Derakshan , N. , Santos , R. and Calvo , M. G. 2007 . Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory . Emotion , 7 ( 2 ) : 336 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fales , C. L. , Barch , D. M. , Burgess , G. C. , Schaefer , A. , Mennin , D. S. Gray , J. R. 2008 . Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: Differential modulation of transient and sustained neural activity during a working memory task . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 8 ( 3 ) : 239 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. 1986 . The emotions , London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gable , P. A. and Harmon-Jones , E. 2008 . Approach-motivated positive affect reduces breadth of attention . Psychological Science , 19 : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasper , K. and Clore , G. L. 2002 . Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information . Psychological Science , 13 ( 1 ) : 34 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , A. M. and Fiez , J. A. 2004 . Integrating reward and cognition in the frontal cortex . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 4 : 540 – 552 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1981 . “ A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality ” . In A model for personality , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. 246 – 276 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1994 . “ Personality dimensions and emotion systems ” . In The nature of emotion , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 329 – 331 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. R. 2001 . Emotional modulation of cognitive control: Approach–withdrawal states double-dissociate spatial from verbal two-back task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 436 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. R. and Braver , T. S. 2002 . “ Integration of emotion and cognitive control: A neurocomputational hypothesis of dynamic goal regulation ” . In Emotional cognition , Edited by: Moore , S. C. and Oaksford , M. R. 289 – 316 . Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. R. , Braver , T. S. and Raichle , M. E. 2002 . Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 99 : 4115 – 4120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. R. , Burgess , G. C. , Schaefer , A. , Yarkoni , T. , Larsen , R. J. and Braver , T. S. 2005 . Affective personality differences in neural processing efficiency confirmed using fMRI . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 5 ( 2 ) : 182 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitz , R. P. , Schrock , J. C. , Payne , T. W. and Engle , R. W. 2007 . Effects of incentive on working memory capacity: Behavioral and pupillometric data . Psychophysiology , 45 ( 1 ) : 119 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller , W. and Nitschke , J. B. 1997 . Regional brain activity in emotion: A framework for understanding cognition in depression . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 637 – 661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. 1997 . Beyond pleasure and pain . American Psychologist , 52 ( 12 ) : 1280 – 1300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. 1999 . “ Promotion and prevention as a motivational duality: Implications for evaluative processes ” . In Dual-process theories in social psychology , Edited by: Trope , S. C. Y. 503 – 525 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. , Friedman , R. S. , Harlow , R. E. , Idson , L. C. , Ayduk , O. N. and Taylor , A. 2001 . Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride . European Journal of Social Psychology , 31 : 3 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , M. S. and Revelle , W. 1984 . Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing . Psychological Review , 91 ( 2 ) : 153 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. 1993 . “ Positive affect and decision making ” . In Handbook of emotion , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland , J. 261 – 277 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1979 . Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk . Econometrica , 47 ( 2 ) : 263 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger , E. A. and Corkin , S. 2003 . Effect of negative emotional content on working memory and long-term memory . Emotion , 3 : 378 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , S. , Holland , R. W. , Hengstler , M. and van Knippenberg , A. 2009 . Body locomotion as regulatory process: Stepping backward enhances cognitive control . Psychological Science , 20 ( 5 ) : 549 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , S. , Holland , R. W. and van Knippenberg , A. 2008 . Regulating cognitive control through approach–avoidance motor actions . Cognition , 109 ( 1 ) : 133 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk , D. C. , Gazzaley , A. and D'Esposito , M. 2007 . Reward modulation of prefrontal and visual association cortex during an incentive working memory task . Brain Research , 1141 : 168 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. J. and Ketelaar , E. 1991 . Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 132 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levens , S. M. and Phelps , E. A. 2008 . Emotion processing effects on interference resolution in working memory . Emotion , 8 : 267 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2000 . Introversion and working memory: Central executive differences . Personality and Individual Differences , 28 : 479 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke , H. S. 2008 . Motivational and personality influences on cognitive control and task performance . Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Washington University, Saint Louis .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , H. S. and Braver , T. S. 2008 . Motivational influences on cognitive control: Behavior, brain activation, and individual differences . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 8 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , K. and Burgess , C. 1996 . Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , 28 ( 2 ) : 203 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Maddox , W. T. , Baldwin , G. C. and Markman , A. B. 2006 . A test of the regulatory fit hypothesis in perceptual classification learning . Memory and Cognition , 34 ( 7 ) : 1377 – 1397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman , A. B. , Baldwin , G. C. and Maddox , W. T. 2005 . The interaction of payoff structure and regulatory focus in classification . Psychological Science , 16 ( 11 ) : 852 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiran , N. 2000 . “ Reconfiguration of stimulus task sets and response task sets during task switching ” . In Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance xviii , Edited by: Monsell , S. and Driver , J. 377 – 400 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meiran , N. , Chorev , Z. and Sapir , A. 2000 . Component processes in task switching . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 211 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. K. and Cohen , J. D. 2001 . An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 21 : 167 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsell , S. 2003 . Task switching . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 : 134 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsell , S. , & Driver , J. 2000 . Control of cognitive processes (Vol. XVIII) . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muller , J. , Dreisbach , G. , Goschke , T. , Hensch , T. , Lesch , K. and Brocke , B. 2007 . Dopamine and cognitive control: The prospect of monetary gains influences the balance between flexibility and stability in a set-shifting paradigm . European Journal of Neuroscience , 26 ( 12 ) : 3661 – 3668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuis , S. and Monsell , S. 2002 . Residual costs in task switching: Testing the failure-to-engage hypothesis . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 9 ( 1 ) : 86 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Doherty , J. , Rolls , E. T. , Francis , S. , Bowtell , R. and McGlone , F. 2001 . Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain . Journal of Neurophysiology , 85 ( 3 ) : 1315 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , R. C. 2006 . Biologically based computational models of high-level cognition . Science , 314 ( 5796 ) : 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. , Morris , F. , Grainger , B. and Williams , J. M. G. 1996 . Mood, reasoning, and central executive processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 ( 2 ) : 476 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsner , K. N. and Gross , J. J. 2005 . The cognitive control of emotion . Trends in Cognitive Science , 9 ( 5 ) : 242 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessoa , L. 2008 . On the relationship between emotion and cognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 9 ( 2 ) : 148 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessoa , L. 2009 . How do emotion and motivation direct executive control? . Trends in Cognitive Science , 13 ( 4 ) : 160 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochon , J. B. , Levy , R. , Fossati , P. , Lehericy , S. , Poline , J. B. Pillon , B. 2002 . The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: An fMRI study . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 99 ( 8 ) : 5669 – 5674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesch , M. R. and Olson , C. R. 2004 . Neuronal activity related to reward value and motivation in primate frontal cortex . Science , 304 ( 5668 ) : 307 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , G. , Hirsh , J. B. and Anderson , A. K. 2007 . Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 104 : 383 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savine , A. C. , & Braver , T. S. 2009 . Motivational enhancement of cognitive control through performance incentives . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. , Eshman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-prime: A user's guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Small , D. M. , Gitelman , D. , Simmons , K. , Bloise , S. M. , Parrish , T. and Mesulam , M. M. 2005 . Monetary incentives enhance processing in brain regions mediating top-down control of attention . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 12 ) : 1855 – 1865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. E. and Jonides , J. 1999 . Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes . Science , 283 : 1657 – 1661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg , S. 1966 . High-speed scanning in human memory . Science , 153 : 652 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. F. , Welsh , R. C. , Wager , T. D. , Phan , K. L. , Fitzgerald , K. D. and Gehring , W. J. 2004 . A functional neuroimaging study of motivation and executive function . NeuroImage , 21 ( 3 ) : 1045 – 1054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomarken , A. J. and Keener , A. D. 1998 . Frontal brain asymmetry and depression: A self-regulatory perspective . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 387 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen , F. and De Houwer , J. 2007 . Do emotional stimuli interfere with response inhibition? Evidence from the stop signal paradigm . Cognition and Emotion , 21 ( 2 ) : 391 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1996 . The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology . Psychological Bulletin , 120 ( 1 ) : 3 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung , N. , Nystrom , L. E. , Aronson , J. A. and Cohen , J. D. 2006 . Between-task competition and cognitive control in task switching . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 ( 5 ) : 1429 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelenski , J. M. and Larsen , R. J. 1999 . Susceptibility to affect: A comparison of three personality taxonomies . Journal of Personality , 67 : 761 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar