Evaluative conditioning depends on higher order encoding processes

References

• Aiken , L. S. and West , S. G. 1991 . Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Algom , D. , Chajut , E. and Lev , S. 2004 . A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 323 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens , F. , Crombez , G. , Van den Bergh , O. and Eelen , P. 1988 . Once in contact always in contact: Evaluative conditioning is resistant to extinction . Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy , 10 : 179 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens , F. , De Houwer , J. , Vansteenwegen , D. and Eelen , P. 1998 . Evaluative conditioning is a form of associative learning: On the artifactual nature of Field and Davey's (1997) artificial account of evaluative learning . Learning and Motivation , 29 : 461 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens , F. , Eelen , P. and Van den Bergh , O. 1990 . Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A case for unaware affective-evaluative learning . Cognition and Emotion , 4 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsch , S. , Pesta , B. J. , Wiscott , R. and McDaniel , M. A. 2007 . The generation effect: A meta-analytic review . Memory & Cognition , 35 : 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , A. M. and Loftus , E. 1975 . A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing . Psychological Review , 82 : 407 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneille , O. , Yzerbyt , V. , Pleyers , G. and Mussweiler , T. 2009 . Beyond awareness and resources: Evaluative conditioning may be sensitive to processing goals . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 : 279 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. and Tulving , E. 2004 . Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory , New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davey , G. C. 1992 . An expectancy model of laboratory preparedness effects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 121 : 24 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. 2006 . Using the Implicit Association Test does not rule out an impact of conscious propositional knowledge on evaluative conditioning . Learning and Motivation , 37 : 176 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. 2009 . The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models . Learning and Behavior , 37 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Baeyens , F. and Field , A. P. 2005a . Associative learning of likes and dislikes: Some current controversies and possible ways forward . Cognition and Emotion , 19 : 161 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Thomas , S. and Baeyens , F. 2001 . Associative learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 853 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Vandorpe , S. , & Beckers , T. 2005b . On the role of controlled cognitive processes in human associative learning . New directions in human associative learning (pp. 41 – 63 ). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Degner , J. 2008 . On the (un-)controllability of affective priming: Strategic manipulation is feasible but can possibly be prevented . Cognition and Emotion , 22 : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Dishon-Berkovits , M. and Algom , D. 2000 . The Stroop-effect: It is not the robust phenomenon that you have thought it to be . Memory & Cognition , 28 : 1437 – 1449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. and Hunt , R. 1980 . Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individual-item and relational processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 588 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Jackson , J. R. , Dunton , B. C. and Williams , C. J. 1995 . Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1013 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. and Davey , G. C. L. 1997 . Conceptual conditioning: Evidence for an artificial account of evaluative learning . Learning and Motivation , 28 : 446 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. and Davey , G. C. L. 1999 . Reevaluating evaluative conditioning: A nonassociative explanation of conditioning effects in the visual evaluative conditioning paradigm . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 25 : 211 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. and Moore , A. C. 2005 . Dissociating the effects of attention and contingency awareness on evaluative conditioning effects in the visual paradigm . Cognition and Emotion , 19 : 217 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner , J. M. , Gregg , V. H. and Hampton , J. A. 1989 . Word frequency and generation effects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 14 : 687 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , W. R. 1978 Aspects of a stimulus: Features, dimensions, and configurations . In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd Cognition and categorization (pp. 99 – 133 ). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gawronski , B. and Bodenhausen , G. V. 2006 . Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 692 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebauer , J. , Broemer , P. , Haddock , G. and von Hecker , U. 2008 . Inclusion-exclusion of positive and negative past selves: Mood congruence as information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 95 : 470 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerl , M. and Grabitz , H.-J. 1996 . Human evaluative conditioning without experiencing a valued event . Learning and Motivation , 27 : 278 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshman , E. and Bjork , R. A. 1988 . The generation effect: Support for a two-factor theory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 14 : 484 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler , D. 1991 . Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 499 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer , E. 1978 . The Rescorla–Wagner model: Losses in associative strength in compound conditioned stimuli . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 4 : 22 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond , P. F. and Shanks , D. R. 2002 . The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 28 : 3 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond , P. F. , Siddle , D. A. and Bond , N. W. 1993 . Resistance to extinction of fear-relevant stimuli: Preparedness or selective sensitization . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 122 : 449 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. J. , De Houwer , J. and Lovibond , P. F. 2009 . The propositional nature of human associative learning . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 32 : 183 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. 2001 . Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved model of fear and fear conditioning . Psychological Review , 108 : 483 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , M. A. and Fazio , R. H. 2001 . Implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning . Psychological Science , 12 : 413 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , M. A. and Fazio , R. H. 2006 . Reducing automatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 421 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , S. P. and Lanzetta , J. T. 1980 . Facial expression of emotion as conditioned stimuli for human autonomic responses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 278 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleyers , G. , Corneille , O. , Luminet , O. and Yzerbyt , V. 2007 . Aware and (dis)liking: Item-based analyses reveal that valence acquisition via evaluative conditioning emerges only when there is contingency awareness . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 33 : 130 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleyers , G. , Corneille , O. , Yzerbyt , V. and Luminet , O. 2009 . Evaluative conditioning may incur attentional costs . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 35 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. and Snyder , C. 2005 . “ Attention and cognitive control ” . In Cognitive psychology: Key readings , Edited by: Balota , D. A. and Marsh , E. J. 205 – 223 . New York, NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R. A. and Wagner , A. R. 1972 . “ A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement ” . In Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 205 – 223 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. , & Bless , H. ( 1992 . Constructing reality and its alternatives: An inclusion/exclusion model of assimilation and contrast effects in social judgment . In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser Construction of social judgments (pp. 217 – 245 ). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. 1970 . On the generality of the laws of learning . Psychological Review , 77 : 406 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. 2010 . Learning: From association to cognition . Annual Review of Psychology , 61 : 273 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. 1990 . On the cognitive theory of conditioning . Biological Psychology , 30 : 171 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. and Dickinson , A. 1990 . Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A comment on Baeyens, Eelen, and Van den Bergh . Cognition and Emotion , 4 : 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , D. K. and Kim , H. S. 2002 . Affective perseverance: The resistance of affect to cognitive invalidation . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 224 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski , J. , Carlston , D. , Mae , L. and Crawford , M. 1998 . Spontaneous trait transference: Communicators take on the qualities they describe in others . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 837 – 848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamecka , N. and Graf , P. 1978 . The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon . Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 4 : 592 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt , A. , Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. , Vandromme , H. and Eelen , P. 2007 . On the nature of the affective priming effect: Effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and congruency proportion in naming and evaluative categorization . Memory and Cognition , 35 : 95 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl , C. and Unkelbach , C. 2009 . Evaluative learning with single versus multiple USs: The role of contingency awareness . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 35 : 286 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl , C. , Unkelbach , C. and Corneille , O. 2009 . On the respective contributions of awareness of unconditioned stimulus valence and unconditioned stimulus identity in attitude formation trough evaluative conditioning . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 97 : 404 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teige-Mocigemba , S. and Klauer , K. 2008 . Automatic” evaluation? Strategic effects on affective priming . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 44 : 1414 – 1417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. 1977 . Features of similarity . Psychological Review , 84 : 327 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther , E. 2002 . Guilty by mere association. Evaluative conditioning and the spreading-attitude effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 919 – 934 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. , Dunn , D. S. , Kraft , D. , & Lisle , D. 1989 . Introspection, attitude change, and attitude–behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do . In L. Berkowitz Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22 , pp. 287 – 343 ). San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar