1,317
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REGULAR ARTICLES

When love is not blind: Rumination impairs implicit affect regulation in response to romantic relationship threat

, &
Pages 506-518 | Published online: 23 Feb 2011

References

  • Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
  • Baumann , N. , Kaschel , R. and Kuhl , J. 2007 . Affect sensitivity and affect regulation in dealing with positive and negative affect . Journal of Research in Personality , 41 : 239 – 248 .
  • Baumann , N. and Kuhl , J. 2002 . Intuition, affect, and personality: Unconscious coherence judgments and self-regulation of negative affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1213 – 1223 .
  • Berkman , E. T. and Lieberman , M. D. 2009 . Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: Theoretical and methodological considerations . Social and Personality Psychology Compass , 3 : 475 – 493 .
  • Buunk , B. P. and Van Yperen , N. W. 1991 . Referential comparisons, relational comparisons, and exchange orientation: Their relation to marital satisfaction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 709 – 717 .
  • Chartrand , T. L. , Van Baaren , R. B. and Bargh , J. A. 2006 . Linking automatic evaluation to mood and information processing style: Consequences for experienced affect, impression formation, and stereotyping . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 135 : 70 – 77 .
  • Clark , M. S. and Grote , N. K. 1998 . Why aren't indices of relationship costs always negatively related to indices of relationship quality? . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 : 2 – 17 .
  • De Houwer , J. , Hendrickx , H. and Baeyens , F. 1997 . Evaluative learning with “subliminally” presented stimuli . Consciousness and Cognition , 6 : 87 – 107 .
  • Eder , A. B. , Rothermund , K. and Proctor , R. W. 2010 . The prepared emotional reflex: Intentional preparation of automatic approach and avoidance tendencies as a means to regulate emotional responding . Emotion , 10 : 593 – 598 .
  • Erber , R. , Wegner , D. M. and Therriault , N. 1996 . On being cool and collected: Mood regulation in anticipation of social interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 757 – 766 .
  • Finkel , E. J. and Campbell , W. K. 2001 . Self-control and accommodation in close relationships: An interdependence analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 263 – 277 .
  • Gove , W. R. , Hughes , M. and Style , C. B. 1983 . Does marriage have positive effects on the psychological well-being of the individual? . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 : 122 – 131 .
  • Greenberg , L. S. and Foerster , F. S. 1996 . Task analysis exemplified: The process of resolving unfinished business . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 439 – 446 .
  • Gross , J. J. and John , O. P. 2003 . Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 348 – 362 .
  • Hawkins , M. W. , Carrère , S. and Gottman , J. M. 2002 . Marital sentiment override: Does it influence couples’ perceptions? . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 64 : 193 – 201 .
  • Johnson , D. J. and Rusbult , C. E. 1989 . Resisting temptation: Devaluation of alternative partners as a means of maintaining commitment in close relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 967 – 980 .
  • Joormann , J. , Dkane , M. and Gotlib , I. H. 2006 . Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases . Behavior Therapy , 37 : 269 – 281 .
  • Jostmann , N. B. , Koole , S. L. , Van der Wulp , N. Y. and Fockenberg , D. A. 2005 . Subliminal affect regulation: The moderating role of action- versus state-orientation . European Psychologist , 10 : 209 – 217 .
  • Koole , S. L. 2009 . The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review . Cognition and Emotion , 23 : 4 – 41 .
  • Koole , S. L. and Jostmann , N. B. 2004 . Getting a grip on your feelings: Effects of action orientation and social demand on intuitive affect regulation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 : 974 – 990 .
  • Koole , S. L. , Kuhl , J. , Jostmann , N. B. and Finkenauer , C. 2006 . “ Self-regulation in interpersonal relationships: The case of action- versus state-orientation ” . In Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes , Edited by: Vohs , K. D. and Finkel , E. J. 360 – 383 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
  • Koole , S. L. , Smeets , K. , Van Knippenberg , A. and Dijksterhuis , A. 1999 . The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 111 – 125 .
  • Koole , S. L. and Van den Berg , A. E. 2005 . Lost in the wilderness: Terror management, action orientation, and nature evaluation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 1014 – 1028 .
  • Kuhl , J. 1981 . Motivational and functional helplessness: The moderating effect of state versus action orientation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 155 – 170 .
  • Kuhl , J. 1994 . “ Action versus state orientation: Psychometric properties of the Action Control Scale (ACS-90) ” . In Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation , Edited by: Kuhl , J. and Beckmann , J. 47 – 59 . Göttingen, , Germany : Hogrefe & Huber .
  • LeBel , E. P. and Campbell , L. 2009 . Implicit partner affect, relationship satisfaction, and the prediction of romantic breakup . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 : 1291 – 1294 .
  • Lee , G. R. , Seccombe , K. and Sheehan , C. L. 1991 . Marital status and personal happiness: An analysis of trend data . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 53 : 839 – 844 .
  • Lyubomirsky , S. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1995 . Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 176 – 190 .
  • Maner , J. K. , Gailliot , M. T. and Miller , S. L. 2009 . The implicit cognition of relationship maintenance: Inattention to attractive alternatives . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 : 174 – 179 .
  • Mauss , I. B. , Bunge , S. A. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Automatic emotion regulation . Social and Personality Psychology Compass , 1 : 146 – 167 .
  • Mauss , I. B. , Cook , C. L. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Automatic emotion regulation during an anger provocation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 : 698 – 711 .
  • Meyer , M. L. , Berkman , E. T. , Karremans , J. C. and Liberman , M. D. 2011 . Incidental regulation of attraction. The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships . Cognition and Emotion , 25 : 490 – 505 .
  • Moberly , N. J. and Watkins , E. R. 2006 . Processing mode influences the relationship between trait rumination and emotional vulnerability . Behavior Therapy , 37 : 281 – 291 .
  • Murray , S. L. , Rose , P. , Bellavia , G. M. , Holmes , J. G. and Kusche , A. G. 2002 . When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 556 – 573 .
  • Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1991 . Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 569 – 582 .
  • Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Wisco , B. E. and Lyubomirsky , S. 2008 . Rethinking rumination . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 : 400 – 424 .
  • Plant , E. A. , Kunstman , J. W. and Maner , J. K. 2010 . You do not only hurt the one you love: Self-protective responses to attractive relationship alternatives . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 46 : 474 – 477 .
  • Pronk , T. M. , Karremans , J. C. , Overbeek , G. , Vermulst , A. and Wigboldus , D. 2010 . What it takes to forgive: When and why executive functioning facilitates forgiveness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 98 : 119 – 131 .
  • Rawn , C. D. and Vohs , K. D. 2006 . “ The importance of self-regulation in interpersonal functioning ” . In Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes , Edited by: Vohs , K. D. and Finkel , E. J. 15 – 31 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
  • Rholes , W. S. , Michas , L. and Shroff , J. 1989 . Action control as a vulnerability factor in dysphoria . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 13 : 263 – 274 .
  • Rothermund , K. , Voss , A. and Wentura , D. 2008 . Counter-regulation in affective attentional biases: A basic mechanism that warrants flexibility in emotion and motivation . Emotion , 8 : 34 – 46 .
  • Rusbult , C. E. , Arriaga , X. B. and Agnew , C. R. 2001 . “ Interdependence in close relationships ” . In Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes , Edited by: Fletcher , J. O. and Clark , M. S. 359 – 387 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Rusbult , C. E. , Martz , J. M. and Agnew , C. R. 1998 . The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size . Personal Relationships , 5 : 357 – 391 .
  • Rusbult , C. E. , Van Lange , P. A. M. , Wildschut , T. , Yovetich , N. A. , & Verette , J. 2000 . Perceived superiority in close relationships: Why it exists and persists . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 521 545 .
  • Schweiger Gallo , I. , Keil , A. , McCulloch , K. C. , Rockstroh , B. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2009 . Strategic automation of emotion regulation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96 : 11 – 31 .
  • Simpson , J. A. , Ickes , W. and Blackstone , T. 1995 . When the head protects the heart: Empathic accuracy in dating relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 629 – 641 .
  • Tran , T. B. , Siemer , M. and Joormann , J. 2011 . Implicit interpretation basis affect emotional vulnerability: A training study . Cognition and Emotion , 25 : 546 – 558 .
  • Trapnell , P. D. and Campbell , J. D. 1999 . Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 284 – 304 .
  • Watkins , E. 2004 . Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing . Behavior Research and Therapy , 42 : 1037 – 1052 .
  • Watkins , E. R. 2008 . Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 163 – 206 .
  • Watkins , E. , & Baracaia , S. 2002 . Rumination and social problem solving in depression Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 , 1179 1189 .
  • Wilson , E. J. , MacLeod , C. , Mathews , A. and Rutherford , E. M. 2006 . The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 : 103 – 111 .
  • Winkielman , P. , Zajonc , R. B. and Schwarz , N. 1997 . Subliminal affective priming resists attributional interventions . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 433 – 465 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.